xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgLxfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL

v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] :yfgLo kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t kf7\ok':ts

sIff *sIff *

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

ljBfyL{sf] gfd M

ljBfnosf] gfd M

cleefjssf] gfd M

cleefjssf] kmf]g g+= M

sIff *

v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] :yfgLo kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t kf7\ok':ts

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

k|sfzs M v

}/xgL gu/kflnsf, lrtjg .

;xhLs/0f M ;fe g]kfn, kf]v/f . ;Dks{ M (*%^)#@$&#

;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf

k|sfzg M klxnf] ;+:s/0f, lj=;+=@)*!

d'b|0f M dgsfdgf 5fkfvfgf, v}/xgL–*, k;f{, lrtjg – )%^–%*@!(%

d"No M

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL -sIff *_

v}/xgL gu/kflnsf gu/sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no lrtjgn] ;fe g]kfn kf]v/f;Fusf]

;xof]udf tof/ kf/]sf] k|:t't kf7\ok':ts æxfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgLÆ k|yd ;+:s/0f ePsfn]

k|:t't ;+:s/0fdf b]lvPsf sld sdhf]/L k|lt oxfFsf] cd"No ;Nnfx ;'emfjsf nflu

xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . tkfO{x?sf] ;sf/fTds ;Nnfx Pjd\ ;'emfjn] kf7\ok':tsnfO{

yk kl/:s[t agfpb} cufl8 a9\g pTk|]/0ff lbg]5 . wGojfb .

;'emfjsf] nfluM edu.khairahani@gmail.com

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

gu/ k|d'vsf] sndaf6

:yfgLo ;d'bfosf cfjZostf / ¿lrnfO{ dxŒj lbO{ :yfgLo :t/s} ;fwg, ;|f]t / lj1tfsf]

pkof]udfkm{t\ :yfgLo :t/df lgdf{0f, ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ul/g] kf7\oqmd :yfgLo kf7\oqmd xf] .

/fli6«o kf7\oqmdn] dfq hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt cflbdf x'g] ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg]

ePsfn] :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] .

g]kfn ljljwtfn] ;DkGg d'n's xf] . oxfF ljleGg y/L efiff, ;Eotf, k];f, ;+:s[lt, e]ife'iff

/ e"uf]nx? 5g\ . ltgsf cf–cfˆg} ljlzi6 klxrfg 5g\ . …ljljwtfdf PstfÚ g]kfnLsf] ljlzi6

klxrfg g} xf] . nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ d'n's oxL af6f]df cl3

al9/x]sf a]nfdf ;+ljwfgn] ;d]t k|To]s efiff / ;Eotfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+a4{g ug{ kfpg] gful/ssf]

xsnfO{ df}lns xssf ?kdf ;'/lIft u/]sf] 5 eg] o;sf nflu ljleGg ;dodf P]g, sfg'g /

lgb{]lzsfx?;d]t aGg] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

:yfgLo kf7\oqmdnfO{ cjwf/0ffut ?kdf k|i6\ofpg] qmddf g]kfnsf ljleGg b:tfa]hdf

/x]sf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ x]g{'kb{5 . xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf gLltx?df :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf af/]df

lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ efu # sf] wf/f #! df lzIff ;DaGwL

df}lns xssf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; wf/fsf] pkwf/f % df g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{

sfg'gadf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] xs x'g] 5 eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ Jojxf/tM

sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo kf7\oqmddfkm{t\ ;dfhdf /x]sf efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf

/ ;DkbfnfO{ hu]gf{ ug]{ k|s[ltsf] 1fg, l;k / k|ljlw ljBfyL{nfO{ lbg' h¿/L 5 . lzIffnfO{ j}1flgs,

Joj;flos, ;Lkd"ns / /f]huf/d"ns Pjd\ hgd'vL agfpFb} ;Ifd k|lt:kwL{ g}lts Pjd\ /fli6«o

lxtk|lt ;dlk{t hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ -wf/f %! -h_-!_ . To;}u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g

@)&$ sf] kl/R5]b # sf] bkmf !! -h_ -$_ df dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] ljBfnosf] cg'dlt, cg'udg

tyf lgodg;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfnfO{ Oª\lut u/]sf] 5 .

To:t} pQm P]gsf] bkmf !! -h_ -!*_ df :yfgLo :t/sf] z}lIfs 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwsf] ;+/If0f,

k|jw{g / :t/Ls/0f ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] ……lzIfssf xftdf kf7\os|d

/ ljBfyL{sf xftdf kf7\ok':tsÚÚ eGg] clek|fosf ;fy o; sfdnfO{ cl3 a9fPsf] xf] . of]

kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df ;Dk"0f{ hgk|ltlglw, kf7\oqmdlj1, lzIffljb\, k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs,

cleefjs, ljBfyL{, n]vs, :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf nufot ;a} v

}/xgL

gu/kflnsfjf;Lsf] ;xof]u

k|fKt ePsf] 5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

kf7\ok':ts n]vgsf qmddf ljleGg r/0fsf uf]i7L, 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofdfkm{t\ :yfgLo

:t/sf cfjZostf / kf7\ok':tsdf ;d]6\g'kg{] ljifo ;Gbe{x?sf af/]df cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ul/Psf]

5 . :yfgLo l;k, Ifdtf, snf, k];f, Joj;fo, :yfgLo ;Dkbf, :yfgLo klxrfgnfO{ kf7\ok':tsdf

;d]6]/ ljBfyL{sf 1fg, l;k / clej[lQnfO{ phfu/ ug{] k|of; u/fpg], Tof] kf7\ok':tsdf k|To]sn]

cfˆgf] klxrfg b]Vg] / ;a}n] ckgTj dx;'; ug{] 9ª\un] agfOPsf] of] kf7\ok':tsn] gofF lkF9LnfO{

cfˆgf] df}lnskgsf] vf]hL ug{ k|]l/t ug{] 5 .

:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] cfjZostf, rfxgf / pgLx?s} ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo ljifoj:t'nfO{

;dfj]z u/L lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog /x]sf] -xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL_ gfds kf7\ok':tssf] P]ltxfl;s

dxŒj /xg] s'/fdf s'g} zª\sf 5}g . o;sf] n]vg, ;Dkfbg / k|sfzgdf ;xof]u / ;xhLs/0f

ug{] ;+:yf ;fe g]kfn / ldlxg]tsf ;fy kf7\ok':ts n]vgdf vl6g'ePsf lj1 n]vsx?k|lt

gu/kflnsf xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 . kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0fsf ljleGg r/0fdf cfˆgf] cd"No ;'emfj

lbP/ ;xof]u ug{'x'g] kf7\oqmd ;xhLs/0f ;ldlt / kf7\oqmd d:of}bf n]vg ;ldlt, ljBfnosf

lzIfs, cleefjs, k|wfgfWofks, ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx?, lzIffljb\, ;dfh;]jL, ljleGg If]qsf lj1

JolQmŒjx?, gu/kflnsfsf ;Dk"0f{ hgk|ltlglwHo"x?, /fhg}lts JolQmŒj, sd{rf/Lx? ;a}nfO{

xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F . ;fy} k':ts 5kfO{sf] cleef/f axg ug]{ dgsfdgf 5fkfvfgf k|lt

klg xfdL cfef/L 5f}F .

cGTodf, …xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgLÚ gfds o; :yfgLo kf7\ok':tssf] k"0f{ ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf

nflu z'esfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5f}F . lgdf{0fsf qmddf h:t} o;sf] cy{k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df

klg ;a} kIfsf] plQs} ;xof]u / ;b\efj /xg] cfzf Pjd\ ljZjf; JoQm ub{5' .

zzL s'df/ vlgof

gu/ k|d'v

v}/xgL gu/kflnsf, lrtjg .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

ljifo;"rL

PsfO kf7 zLif{s k[i7

!= v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] kl/ro 1v}/xgL gu/kflnsfåf/f

pknAw ;]jf / k|lj|mof 1

2:yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfdx? 10

@= :yfgLo snf / ;+:s[lt

3v}/xgLsf ;Defjgfx? 15

4xfd|f uf}/jzfnL ;fdflhs

k|rng 19

#= :yfgLo ko{6g 5v}/xgLsf xf]d:6] 24

6/fKtL gbLsf] dlxdf 28

$= :yfgLo s[lif Joj;fo 7Rofp v]tL 34

8s[lifladf 40

%= :yfgLO k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw 9df5fkfng 49

10 l;nfO s6fO 56

^= :yfgLo k|fs[lts ;Dkbf

11 v}/xgLsf jGohGt' / jg:klt 61

12 rf}tf/f]sf] dlxdf 66

13 jg ;+/If0fsf pkfo 72

&= :yfgLo v]nx? 14 elnan 77

*= ;8s ;'/Iff / ljkb\ Jojj:yfkg 15 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg 83

(= ;x/L ljsf;, k|b"if0f tyf kmf]xf]/

Joj:yfkg

16 ;/;kmfO 91

17 :df6{ l;6L 96

18 zx/L ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ 702

!)= xfd|f d"No, dfGotf,

;bfrf/ / of]u

19 of]uf;g 111

20 kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfk 122

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf]

kl/ro

PsfO–!

• v}/xgL gu/kflnsfåf/f pknAw ;]jf / k|lj|mof

• :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfdx?

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!v}/xgL gu/kflnsfåf/f pknAw

;]jf / k|lqmof

gful/s a8fkq

v}/xgL gu/kflnsf

gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no

v}/xgL gu/kflnsf tyf j8f sfof{nox?sf] gful/s a8fkq–@)*)÷*!

;]jfu|fxLx?df cg'/f]w

!= ;]jfu|fxLn] lbg] lgj]bgdf cfkm"nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ;a} a]xf]/f v'n]sf] x'g'kg{] 5 .

@= k|df0fsf] nflu k]z ug{] sfuhftx?sf] 5fofFk|lt k]z ug{'kg{] 5 . sfof{non] cfjZos

7fg]df ;Ssn k|df0f;d]t pknAw u/fpg'kg{]5 .

#= lgj]bg÷;"rgf lbFbf gful/stf k|df0fkqsf] 5fofk|lt clgjfo{ ?kdf k]z ug{'kg{] 5 .

$= gu/kflnsf÷j8f sfof{noaf6 ;]jf ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;]jfu|fxLn] gu/kflnsf÷j8f

sfof{nodf a'emfpg'kg{] ;a} s/, b:t'/, ;]jf z'Ns a'emfPsf] k|df0fsf] 5fofFk|lt ;d]t

;+nUg ug{'kg{]5 .

%= gu/kflnsf÷j8f sfof{no;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ljifodf hfgsf/L cfjZos ePdf

gu/kflnsf÷j8f sfof{nodf uO{ ;Dks{ ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

gu/ sfo{kflnsfM

gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf Pshgf k|d'v, Pshgf pk–k|d'v, gu/kflnsfsf k|To]s

j8fsf j8fWoIfx?, gu/;efn] cfkm"dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt ul/Psf] % hgf dlxnf

;b:ox? / blnt jf cNk;+Vos ;d'bfoaf6 gu/;efdf lgjf{lrt u/]sf] # hgf

;b:ox? ldn]/ gu/ sfo{kflnsf aGb5 .

gu/ Joj:yflksfM

:yfgLo Joj:yflksf cGtu{t gu/kflnsfdf gu/;ef u7g x'G5 . ;+ljwfgsf]

efu !* df :yfgLo Joj:yflksf ;DaGwL Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . h; cg';f/

:yfgLo txsf] Joj:yfksLo clwsf/ gu/;efdf lglxt 5 .

gu/;efdf gu/ k|d'v, pk–k|d'v, j8fWoIf / j8f ;b:ox? /xg] 5g\ . o; afx]s

blnt jf cNk;+Vosaf6 # hgf gu/ ;efn] lgjf{lrt ub{5 .

Goflos ;ldltM

sfg"gadf]lhd cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf ljjfb lg?k0f ug{ k|To]s

gu/kflnsfdf pk–k|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf gu/;efn] cfkm"dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt

u/]sf b'O{ ;b:o;lxt u7g x'g] tLg ;b:oLo ;ldlt g} Goflos ;ldlt xf] .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 3

sfo{j|md ;]jf lbg] k|lqmof÷rflxg] sfuhftx¿ nfUg] ;]jf

z'Ns nfUg] ;do lhDd]jf/

kbflwsf/L

gful/stfsf]

k|df0fkqsf] l;kmfl/;

• gful/stfsf] nflu l;kmfl/; kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bg÷cg';"rL kmf/fd

• b'j} sfg b]lvg] kf;kf]6{ ;fOhsf] @ k|lt kmf]6f]

• hGd ldlt v'n]sf] hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq÷ z}lIfs of]Uotfsf] rfl/lqs

k|df0fkqsf] kmf]6f]skL

• a;fOF;/fO eO{ cfPsf] xsdf a;fOF;/fO k|df0fkqsf] kmf]6f]skL,

• ljjflxt dlxnfsf] xsdf ljjfx btf{ k|df0fkqsf]÷kltsf] gful/stf

k|df0fkqsf] kmf]6f]skL

• cfdf÷afa'sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] kmf]6f]skL

• ljjflxt dlxnfsf] xsdf cfdf÷afa'sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq

;f]xL lbg j8f cWoIf

gful/stfsf]

k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

l;kmfl/;

• gful/stsf] k|ltlnlk kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bg÷cg';"rL kmf/fd

• cfjZostfcg';f/ ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

• b'j} sfg b]lvg] kf;kf]6{ ;fOhsf] @ k|lt kmf]6f]

• klxn] lnPsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf]

;f]xL lbg j8f cWoIf`

gful/stfsf]

k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

l;kmfl/;

• gful/stsf] k|ltlnlk kfpmF egL lbPsf] lgj]bg÷cg';"rL kmf/fd

• cfjZostfcg';f/ ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

• b'j} sfg b]lvg] kf;kf]6{ ;fOhsf] @ k|lt kmf]6f]

• klxn] lnPsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf]

;f]xL lbg j8f cWoIf

cª\uLs[t

g]kfnL gful/stfsf]

k|df0fkqsf] l;kmfl/;

-g]kfnL k'?if;Fu

ljjfx ePsL ljb]zL

dlxnfsf] nflu_

• gful/stfsf] l;kmfl/; kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgjb]g÷cg';"rL kmf/fd -cg';"rL &_

• cfjZostf cg';f/ ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

• g]kfnL gful/s;Fu ePsf] j}jflxs ;DaGw v'Ng] k|df0fkq

• ljb]zL gful/stf TofUg] sf/afxL rnfPsf] lg:;f

k|df0f k'u]sf]

lbg

j8f cWoIf

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

sfo{j|md ;]jf lbg] k|lqmof÷rflxg] sfuhftx¿ nfUg] ;]jf

z'Ns nfUg] ;do lhDd]jf/

kbflwsf/L

cª\uLs[t g]kfnL

gful/stfsf]

k|df0fkqsf] l;kmfl/;

-ljb]zL gful/s;Fu

ljjfx u/]sL g]kfnL

dlxnfaf6 hlGdPsf]

;Gtfgsf] xsdf

• gful/stfsf] l;kmfl/; kfpmF egL lbPsf] lgjb]g÷cg';"rL kmf/fd -cg';"rL

• cfjZostf cg';f/ ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

• cfdfsf] g]kfnL gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

• g]kfndf hGd eO{ :yfoL a;f]af; u/]sf] v'Ng] j8fsf] l;kmfl/;

• hGdbtf{ k|df0fkq jf g]kfnsf] c:ktfndf hGd]sf] k|df0fkq

• ;DalGwt j8fdf a;f]af; u/]sf] k|df0f -3/wgLn] k|dfl0ft u/]sf] sfuh_

• afa'sf] gful/stfsf] cfwf/df lghn] ljb]zL d'n'ssf] gful/stf glnPsf]

lg:;f

k|df0f k'u]sf]

lbg

j8f cWoIf

gftf k|dfl0ft g]kfnL • gftf k|dfl0ft u/L kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bg,

• cfjZostf cg';f/ ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

• gftf sfod ug{] JolQmx?sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

-pd]/ gk'u]sfsf] xsdf hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq_

• gftf sfod ug{] JolQmx?sf] xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kf;kf]6{ ;fOhsf] @÷@ k|lt

kmf]6f]

• d[To' ePsf] JolQm;Fusf] gftf k|dfl0ft ug{' k/]df d[tssf] d[To'btf{sf]

k|df0fkq,

• gftf k|dfl0ft ug{] JolQmx?sf lar gftf v'Ng] sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk

;f]xL lbg j8f cWoIf

gftf k|dfl0ft • gftf k|dfl0ft u/L kfpmF egL lbPsf] lgj]bg

• cfjZostf cg';f/ ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

;f]xL lbg j8f cWoIf

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 5

sfo{j|md ;]jf lbg] k|lqmof÷rflxg] sfuhftx¿ nfUg] ;]jf

z'Ns nfUg] ;do lhDd]jf/

kbflwsf/L

cª\u|]hLdf • gftf sfod ug{] JolQmx?sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

-pd]/ gk'u]sfsf] xsdf hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkq_

• gftf sfod ug{] JolQmx?sf] xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kf;kf]6{ ;fOhsf] @÷@ k|lt

kmf]6f]

• d[To' ePsf] JolQm;Fusf] gftf k|dfl0ft ug{' k/]df d[tssf] d[To'btf{sf]

k|df0fkq

• gftf k|dfl0ft ug{] JolQmx?sf lar gftf v'Ng] sfuhftsf] k|ltlnlk

gfd ;+zf]wgsf]

l;kmfl/;

• gfd ;+zf]wgsf] l;kmfl/; u/L kfpmF egL lbPsf] lgj]bg

• cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

• gfd ;+zf]wg ug{'kg{] sf/0f v'Ng] k|df0f;Fu ;DalGwt sfuhftx?

• ;DalGwt JolQmsf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

• xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kf;kf]6{ ;fOhsf] @ k|lt kmf]6f]

;f]xL lbg j8f cWoIf

hGd ldlt k|dfl0ft

• hGdldlt k|dfl0ft u/L kfpmF egL lbPsf] lgj]bg

;f]xL j8f cWoIf

l;kmfl/;

• cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

• gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk jf hGdbtf{sf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

• xfn;fn} lvr]sf] kf;kf]6{ ;fOhsf] @ k|lt kmf]6f

• afa'cfdfsf] gful/stfsf] k|ltlnlk

rfl/lqs k|df0fkqsf]

l;kmfl/;

• rfl/lqs k|df0fkqsf] l;kmfl/; u/L kfpmF egL lbPsf] lgj]bg

• cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

• lgj]bssf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

;f]xL lbg j8f cWoIf

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

sfo{j|md ;]jf lbg] k|lqmof÷rflxg] sfuhftx¿ nfUg] ;]jf

z'Ns nfUg] ;do lhDd]jf/

kbflwsf/L

hGd btf{

• hGd]sf] ;"rgf lbg] cg';"rL kmf/d eg{] / ;"rgf kmf/d kl/jf/sf] d"nLn]

eg{'kg{]5, d"nLsf] cg'kl:yltdf pd]/ k'u]sf] h]7f] JolQmn]

• afa'÷cfdf ;"rssf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

• c:ktfndf hGd]sf] xsdf c:ktfnaf6 pknAw u/fO{Psf] lg:;f

;f]xL lbg j8flrj÷

:yfgLo

kl~hsflwsf/L

5fqj[lQ l;kmfl/;

• 5fqj[lQ l;kmfl/; u/L kfpFm egL lbPsf] lgj]bg

• ljBfno÷ljZjljBfnodf cWoog u/]sf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

• hGd btf{sf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk, gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

• a;fOF;/fO u/L cfPsf] xsdf a;fOF;/fOsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

;f]xL lbg j8fWoIf

ckfª\u kl/rokq

ljt/0f

• lgj]bg–sfof{no÷j8faf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsg]

• :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/;

• j8f sfof{nosf] l;kmfl/; b'O{k|lt kmf]6f]

lgj]bg ;ª\sng

k|To]s dlxgfsf]

% ut]

;ldltsf]

a}7s a;L

ljt/0f ul/g]

k|d'v

k|zf;sLo

clws[t

d[To' btf{

• d[To' btf{ u/L kfpmF egL kl/jf/sf] d'nLn] e/]sf] ;"rgf kmf/fd

• cfjZostfsf cfwf/df ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

• d[ts / ;"rs b'j}sf] gful/stfsf] k|df0fkqsf] k|ltlnlk

• c:ktfndf d[To' ePsf] xsdf c:ktfnn] pknAw u/fPsf] d[To'sf] lg:;f

;f]xL lbg j8f

;lrj÷:yfgLo

kl~hsflwsf/

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 7

lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M

• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ljBfno glhs /x]sf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ug{] lgsfosf] k|ToIf

cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fpg'xf];\ / ;]jf k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfjZos z'Ns tyf k|lj|mofsf

;DaGwdf 5nkmn ;d]t u/fpg'xf];\ ;fy} 36gf btf{sf] ;DaGwdf yk 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

lqmofsnfk Mlqmofsnfk M

• lzIfssf] ;xof]udf gu/kflnsf jf j8f sfof{nodf uO{ gful/s a8fkq x]g{'xf];\ .

/ a8fkqcg';f/sf] ;]jf ;'ljwf k|bfg eP gePsf] af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .

• tkfFO{sf] efOsf] hGdbtf{ ug{'k¥of] eg] s] s] sfuhftx? rflxG5g\ / slt z'Ns

nfU5 eGg] ljifodf afa'cfdfnfO{ s;/L ;Nnfx lbG5f} < n]Vg'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;]jfu|fxLn] lbg] lgj]bgdf s] s'/f vf]Ng'k5{ <

-v_ j8f jf gu/kflnsf;Fu ;DalGwt ;"rgf rflxPdf sxfF ;Dks{ ug{'k5{ <

-u_ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq kfpgsf nflu s] s] sfuhftx? cfjZos x'G5g\ <

-3_ hGdbtf{ ubf{ nfUg] ;dofjlw slt xf] <

-ª_ ckfª\u kl/rokq ljt/0f slxn] x'g] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ gful/stfsf] k|df0fkq x/fPdf k|ltlnlk s;/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .

-v_ tkfO{Fsf] 3/sf] s'g} ;b:osf] d[To' ePdf d[To'btf{ ug{'k5{ . o;sf nflu rflxg]

sfuhftx?s] s] x'g\ < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

#= vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ M

-s_ hGdbtf{ =========leq lgMz'Ns ug{ kfOG5 . -rfln; lbg÷k}+tL; lbg_

-v_ rfl/lqs k|df0fkqsf] l;kmfl/; ug{] clwsf/L ============ xf] . -;lrj÷j8f cWoIf_

-u_ ckfª\u kl/rokq ljt/0fsf nflu lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L ============== xf] .

-kl~hsflwsf/L÷k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t_

-3_ gftf k|dfl0ft ug{ gftf sfod ug{] JolQmx?sf] xfn;fn} lvr]sf] ========= k|lt kmf]6f]

rflxG5 . -$–$ k|lt÷@–@ k|lt_

-ª_ gftf k|dfl0ft ubf{ ========= efiffsf] sd z'Ns nfU5 . -g]kfnL÷cª\u|]hL_

$= tnsf jfSox¿ l7s eP l7s lrXg -_ / a]l7s eP a]l7s lrXg -_

nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ s'g} klg ;]jf lng lgj]bg lbg' kb{}g .

-v_ 5fqj[lQsf] l;kmfl/;sf] nflu s'g} z'Ns nfUb}g .

-u_ ckfª\u kl/rokq kfpgsf nflu :jf:Yo ;+:yfsf] l;kmfl/; rflxG5 .

-3_ hGdbtf{sf] ;"rgf kmf/d kl/jf/sf] ;a}eGbf sfG5f] ;b:on] eg{'k5{ .

-ª_ d[To' ePsf JolQm;Fusf] gftf k|dfl0ft ubf{ d[tssf] d[To'btf{sf] k|df0fkq rflxG5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf gu/ k|d'v jf tkfO{ a:g] j8fsf] j8f cWoIf÷j8f

;b:ox?nfO{ e]6L gu/df ePsf dxŒjk"0f{ sfdx?sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

@:yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfdx¿

/fHo ;~rfngsf] j}wflgs ;+oGq g} ;/sf/ xf] . b]zn] cª\uLsf/ u/]sf] zf;sLo

Joj:yf cg';f/ /fHosf] zf;sLo ;+/rgf to x'g] u5{ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg cg';f/ ;+3, k|b]z

/ :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txsf] d"n ;+/rgf /x]sf] 5 . To;}n] g]kfndf tLg txsf] ;/sf/ /x]sf]

5 . ;+3Lo ;/sf/nfO{ g]kfn ;/sf/ elgG5 . ;ft} k|b]zdf cnu cnu k|b]z ;/sf/x?

/xG5g\ . g]kfndf ^ cf]6f dxfgu/kflnsf, !! cf]6f pkdxfgu/kflnsf, @&^ gu/kflnsf /

$^) cf]6f ufFpkflnsf /x]sf 5g\ . oL ;a}nfO{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ elgG5 . To;}n] g]kfne/ &%#

cf]6f :yfgLo ;/sf/ /x]sf 5g\ . :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ :yfgLo tx klg elgG5 t/ :yfgLo

lgsfo elgFb}g .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

hgtfsf] 3/ cfFugdf hf]l8g] ;/sf/ :yfgLo ;/sf/ xf] . :yfgLo ;/sf/ :yfgLo

zf;gsf hLjGt ;+/rgf x'g\ . oL :yfgLosf] b}glGbgLnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ n3' ;/sf/ x'g\ .

nf]stGqsf jf:tljs sfo{zfnf x'g\ . :yfgLo tx g} b]lvg] u/L tTsfn hgtf;fd' s]xL ug{

;lsg] tx x'g\, h;;Fu k|ToIf e"uf]n / hgtf klg ePsfn] hgtfsf dgdl:tisdf a:g] 7fpF

klg oxL xf] . To;}n] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] hgtf /f]Psf] b]Vg' k5{, xfF;]sf] ;'Gg' k5{ . g]kfnL

;fdflhs dfGotfcg';f/ dbf{–kbf{ e]l6g] ;/sf/ eg]s} :yfgLo ;/sf/ xf] .

:yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfg / :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng

P]gn] d'Vo ?kdf lgb]{lzt u/]sf] 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu–% df /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL Jofj:yf ul/Psf]

5 . To:t} ;+ljwfgsf] cg';"rLcg';f/ :yfgLo txsf ljleGg @@ clwsf/ 5g\ . gu/ k|x/L,

;xsf/L ;+:yf, PkmPd ;~rfng, :yfgLo s/ p7fpg] clwsf/ :yfgLo txnfO{ g} lbOPsf]

5 . :yfgLo s/df ;DklQ s/, 3/ axfn s/, 3/ hUuf /lhi6«]zg z'Ns, ;jf/L;fwg s/,

;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1fkg s/, Joj;fo s/, e"ld s/ / dfnkf]t, b08 hl/jfgf,

dgf]/~hg s/ / dfnkf]t ;Íngsf] clwsf/ klg :yfgLo txs} xf] .

vfg]kfgL, ;fgf hnljB't\ cfof]hgf, j}slNks pmhf{, s[lif k|;f/sf] Joj:yfkg,

;~rfng / lgoGq0f, :yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / h}ljs ljljwtf, Ho]i7

gful/s, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm tyf czQmsf] Joj:yfkg, :yfgLo:t/sf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf]

sfd ug]{ cleef/f klg :yfgLo ;/sf/s} xf] . ljkb Joj:yfkg, hnfwf/, jGohGt', vfgL tyf

vlgh kbfy{sf] ;+/If0f, efiff, ;+:s[lt / nlntsnf ;+/If0f ug]{ lhDd]jf/L ;+ljwfgcg';f/

:yfgLo ;/sf/nfO g} k|fKt ePsf] 5 . h] hlt clwsf/ ;+ljwfgn] lbPsf] 5 tL clwsf/

If]qleqsf] ljifodf sfg'g sfo{ljlw lgdf{0f ug]{, gLlt / of]hgfx? agfpg], ah]6 / sfo{qmd

;d]t to u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ lhDd]jf/L jf sfd :yfgLo txsf] /xG5 .

:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;fdflhs jf:tljstfsf] ;dLk x'G5 . To;}n] :yfgLo jf:tljstf;Fu

glhs /x]/ clwsf/sf] ;Ldf leq st{Jo kfngf ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/ lqmofzLn x'G5g\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 11

lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M

• cfˆgf] j8fsf j8fWoIfnfO{ e]6L j8fdf ePsf dxŒjk"0f{ sfdsf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

• gu/kflnsfsf] Goflos ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs gu/ pkk|d'v /xg] Joj:yf 5 . pkk|d'vnfO{

e]6\g'xf];\ / cfˆgf] kflnsfdf ePsf Gofo ;Dkfbgsf sfdaf/] hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M

• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ gu/kflnsfsf ljleGg zfvfx?sf] kl/ro

u/fO{ ltgsf sfd, st{Joaf/] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ . cfjZos k/] ;DalGwt zfvf

k|d'vnfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/fpg'xf];\ .

:yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;fgf sfdaf6 7"nf ;kmntfsf] hu lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ . ;;fgf ;kmntfn]

7"nf pknlAwsf] lbuf] cfwf/ lbg ;S5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] Ps}rf]l6 w]/} 7"nf hf]lvd p7fpg

;Sb}g, a[xt\ k|efjsf k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}g . 7"nf] nufgL / k|fljlws hf]lvd jxg ug]{

cfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{ ;Sb}g .

:yfgLo k|efjsf a]lylt lgoGq0f klg :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfd xf] . To;f] ug{ :yfgLo

;/sf/nfO{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;otsf ;fy} sfo{If]q lgwf{/0f, clwsf/ ljlgof]hg, /fh:j x:tfGt/0f

/ ;+u7g ;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xf] . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfo{x?df ;+3 / k|b]z ;/sf/sf]

klg ;dGjo, ;xcl:tTj / ;xsfo{ /xG5 .

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ :yfgLo ;/sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

-v_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf k|d'v sfd s]–s] x'g\ <

-u_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf @@ j6f clwsf/ s] s] x'g\ <

-3_ g]kfndf sltj6f :yfgLo txx? /x]sf 5g\ <

cEof;

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• ljBfnodf Pp6f cGt/lqmof sfo{j|md cfof]hgf u/L gu/sf hgk|ltlglwnfO{

cf–cfˆgf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/af/] hfgsf/L lbg nufpg'xf];\ .

@= vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf];\ M

-s_ /fHo ;+rfngsf] j}wflgs ;+oGq g} ===================== xf] .

-v_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] efu=============== df /fHozlQmsf] afF8kmfF8 ;DaGwL Joj:yf

ul/Psf] 5 .

-u_ ========================== ;fdflhs jf:tljstfsf] ;dLk x'G5 .

-3_ ;;fgf ;kmntfn] 7"nf pknlAwsf] lbuf] ==========================lbg ;S5 .

-ª_ :yfgLo k|efjsf a]lylt lgoGq0f klg =================sf] sfd xf] .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 13

:yfgLo snf / ;+:s[lt

PsfO–@

• v}/xgLsf ;Defjgfx?

• xfd|f uf}/jzfnL ;fdflhs k|rng

14 xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

#v}/xgLsf ;Defjgfx¿

afudtL k|b]z lrtjg lhNnf

v}/xgL gu/kflnsf P]ltxfl;s, ;f+:s[lts,

wfld{s, k|fs[lts / ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn]

dxŒjk"0f{ dflgG5 . of] gu/kflnsf ;Defjgf

af]s]sf] kflnsfsf] ?kdf lrGg ;lsG5 .

k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgn] wgL /x]sf] kfOG5 .

of] gu/kflnsfdf k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{n]

5f]Psf] 5 . ;fljs rf/ j6f uf=lj=; ldnL

ag]sf] of] kflnsf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/n]

/fd|f] dfGg] ul/G5 . v}/xgL, r}gk'/, s'd/f]h / s7f/ uf=lj=;=x?nfO{ PsLs[t u/L v}/xgL

gu/kflnsf :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . o; gu/kflnsf leq yf? ;d'bfosf] afx'Notf kfOG5 . o;

If]qdf s[lif, pBf]u, Jofkf/, kof{ko{6gsf] nflu 7"nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

s[lif M g]kfn s[lif k|wfg b]z xf] . cem} of] kflnsf s[lifsf] nflu 7"nf] ;defjgf af]s]sf]

kfOG5 . of] If]qsf] blIf0fdf pj{/ s[lif e"ld /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] If]q gub] afnL / vfBafnLsf

nflu s]G› ljGb' dflgG5 . o; gu/kflnsfdf clwsf+z dflg;x? hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu

s[lif k]zfnfO{ cª\ufn]sf] kfOG5 . o; If]qdf wfg, ds}, tf]/L, cfn', t/sf/L v]tL ug{'sf ;fy}

s'v/f kfng df5fkfng, s]/f v]tL, kz'kfng, df}/Lkfng, 8«fug km'8 cflb v]tL u/]sf] kfOG5 .

l;FrfO{, dn, laplahg / ahf/sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfn] ubf{ clxn] o'jfx? Joj;flos ?kdf s[lif

tkm{ cfslif{t ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . pQ/tkm{ l;+rfO{sf] cefjn] ubf{ v]tLkftLdf ;d:of

b]lvPsf] eP klg clxn] af]l/ªaf6 kfgLsf] Joj:yf /fd|f] ePsf]n] of] If]q klg t/sf/Lsf]

nflu pQd dflgG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 15

pBf]u M v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+=!, @, # / $ df k|z:t dfqdf pBf]u ljsf; / lj:tf/

eO/x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . o; e]udf nueu ;o eGbf a9L pBf]ux? /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf] bf];|f] s/ tg]{ cgf{ lao/sf] pBf]u klg o; If]qdf /x]sf] 5 . clwsf+z dflg;x?sf]

/f]huf/Lsf] nflu pBf]udf lge{/ ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . xfdLn] hlt w]/} pBf]u ;~rfng u5f}{,

Tolt g} pTkfbg a9fpg ;S5f} . xfdLn] cfˆg} pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ x'g ;s] b]zsf] ljsf;

x'g ;S5 . pBf]usf] ljsf;n] g} cy{tGqnfO{ dha't agfpF5 . To;}n] pBf]usf] ljsf;df

ljz]if hf]8 lbg'k5{ .

Jofkf/ M v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] csf]{ /fd|f] ;DefjgfdWo] Jofkf/ klg Ps xf] . k;f{ ahf/nfO{

o; v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] Jofkf/sf] s]G›ljGb' dfGg] ul/G5 . of] If]q k"jL{ lrtjgsf] Jofkfl/s

s]G›sf] ?kdf /x]sf]n] dflg;x?sf] rxnkxn Hofb} g} /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; If]qdf ahf/sf]

l;g]df, ljBfno, sn]h, c:ktfn, gu/kflnsf, dfnkf]t / uNnf -wfg, ds}, ux'F, cflb

lsga]r ug]{ 7fFp_sf] /fd|f] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . s7f/, s'd/f]h, r}gk'/ / v}/xgLsf] lsgd]n

ug]{ d'Vo ynf]sf] ?kdf k'/fgf] k;f{ / gofF k;f{ ahf/nfO{ dfGg] ul/G5 . o; ahf/df /fKtL

gu/kflnsf / /Tggu/ gu/kflnsfaf6 ;d]t lsgd]n ug{ cfpg] u5{g\ . dflg;sf] a;fO;/fO

To;} u/L clxn] cfP/ ;fgf ;fgf ahf/x? klg /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} M v}/xgL ahf/,

/fO{ rf]s, Hofld/] ahf/, uj}, a'9f}nL, s7f/ ahf/ cflb /x]sf] kfOG5 . ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/,

a;fO;/fO / ;dy/ e"efun] ubf{ of] gu/kflnsfdf Jofkf/sf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

kof{ko{6g M v}/xgL gu/kflnsf kof{ko{6gsf] nflu /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] If]q dfGg]

ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] t];|f] 7"nf] ko{6sLo If]q ;f}/fxf o; gu/kflnsf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . o;

If]qdf ;ft j6f ;fd'bflos jg, b/} af]6] tfn, em08f kfs{, s'rs'r] lr;fkfgL, s+sfnL

lkslgs :kf]6{, s+sfnL dfO{sf] dlGb/, l5Ds]Zj/L dftfsf] dlGb/, l8HgL kfs{, xl/ofnL kfs{,

rr{, u'Daf cflb /xg'sf] ;fy} xf]6n, nh, xf]d :6] / ;f+:s[lts g[Ton] ubf{ of] gu/kflnsfdf

kof{ko{6gsf] 7"nf] ;Defagf af]s]sf] kfOG5 . o; If]qnfO{ cem} kof{ko{6gsf nflu of]hgfj4

?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ vfFrf] b]lvG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M

• v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf ;Defjgfx?nfO{ lrq jf j[Qlrq b]vfO{ o;sf af/]df

/fd|f];Fu atfOlbg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk MljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk M

!= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfo jf If]qdf s'g s'/fsf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 < l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf k|:t't

ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

s_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] ;Defjgf n]vL 5f]6s/Ldf pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

v_ tkfO{ a;]sf] 7fFpdf s] s] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 < ;"lra4 ug{'xf];\ .

u_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ s;/L k|rf/ k|;f/ ug{ ;lsG5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .

3_ …v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf s[lifsf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf 5 .Ú o; egfOnfO{ k|i6 kfg{'xf];\ .

ª_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf of]hgfj4 ?kdf ljsf; ug{ s] ug{'k5{< n]Vg'xf];\ .

@= vfnL 7fFpdf ldNg] zAb eg{'xf];\ .

s_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf cfGtl/s / afXo ==========7"nf] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .

v_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/n] ================dfGg] ul/G5 .

u_ g]kfnsf] t];|f] ko{6sLo If]q ;f}/fxf============== gu/kflnsf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 .

3_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] Jofkf/sf] s]G›ljGb'================== ahf/ xf] .

ª_ pBf]usf] ljsf;n] g} cy{tGqnfO{ ===================================agfpF5 .

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• tkfO{n] cfˆgf] ;d'bfo jf If]qdf s] sf] ;Defjgf b]Vg'ePsf] 5 < 5f]6f]

k|ltjb]g tof/ ug{'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

efOalxgLx? xf] Û cfh xfdL v}/xgLdf k|rlnt ;fdflhs k|rngx?sf] af/]df

5nkmn u/f}+ x} t .

xfd|f] ;dfhdf klxn]b]lv rlncfPsf rfnrngnfO{ ;fdflhs k|rng elgG5 .

g]kfnL ;dfh ax'hflt, ax'efifL tyf ax';+:s[ltn] ;lhPsf] ;'Gb/ km"naf/L xf] . oxfF a;f]jf;

ug]{ ;a} hfthfltsf] cfcfˆg} ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . x/]s ;dfhdf ljleGg hfthflt

ldn]/ a;]sf x'G5g\ . pgLx?sf] k/Dk/f /Lltl/jfh, d"No, dfGotf, rfnrng, /xg;xg km/s

km/s ePklg Ps csf{lar ;b\efj /x]sf] kfOG5 . cg]stfdf Pstf g} g]kfnL ;+:s[ltsf]

ljz]iftf xf] . ;dfhdf hfltut k/Dk/f;Fu} ;femf k|rngx? klg /x]sf x'G5g\ . tL k|rngx?sf]

5'6\6} dxŒj x'G5 . ;fdflhs k|rngx?n] ;fd'lxs effjgf j[l4 u/fpg], ;fdflhs ;b\efj

a9fpg], ;xof]uL efjgfsf] ljsf; x'g], df}lns ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f x'g] ePsfn] o:tf /fd|f

k|rngx?nfO{ k':tfGt/0f ug'{kb{5 . xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsf If]qsf ;dfhdf /x]sf s]xL

;femf ;fdflhs k|rngx?sf] rrf{ u/f}F x} Û

$ xfd|f uf}/jzfnL ;fdflhs k|rng

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

kd{ / k}Frf]

g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|frLg sfnb]lv rlncfPsf /fd|f k|rngx? dWo] kd{ klg Ps xf] .

Ps csf{df cfnf]kfnf] u/L Psn] csf{sf] sfd ug]{ rngnfO{ kd{ elgG5 . kd{nfO{ ljz]if

u/L s[lif sfo{ ubf{ >dsf] ;xof]u lng] / lbg] Ps c;n ;fdflhs k|rng dflgG5 . kd{df

cfkm"nfO{ h'g sfd ug{ hlt JolQmn] >d / hlt ;do lbPsf 5g\ pgLx?nfO{ To:t} sfd ug{

cfkm"n] klg Tolt g} ;do / >d ;xof]u ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o;/L sfd ubf{ yf]/} ;dodf w]/} sfd

ug{ ;lsG5 . xfdLn] >d;Fu} dgf]/~hg klg ul//x]sf x'G5f}F . kd{n] xfdLdf ;fd"lxs / ;xof]uL

efjgfsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf If]qdf w]/} s[lif sd{ x'g] x'Fbf oxfF klg kd{sf]

k|rng /x]sf] kfOG5 .

lbg]nfO{ vfFrf] k/]sf a]nfdf jf ;s]sf a]nfdf lkmtf{ ug]{ u/L l5d]sLaf6 s'g} j:t',

wgdfn lng] sfd g} k}Frf] xf] . o;nfO{ ;fdfGo af]nLrfnLsf] efiffdf P]rf]k}Frf] klg elgG5 .

o; k/Dk/fdf ;fdfg hlt dfqfdf k}rf] lnPsf] xf] Tolt g} dfqfdf lkmtf{ ug{'k5{ . cfkm";Fu

tTsfn s'g} j:t' geP klg l5d]s, ;fyLefO Oi6ldqx?af6 k}Frf] lng ;lsG5 . cfkm"nfO{

cfjZos k/]sf] a]nf lnOPsf] wgdfn OdfGbf/L;fy lkmtf{ ug'{k5{ . k}Frf] lng] lbg] k/Dk/fn]

g]kfnL ;dfhdf Ps csf{sf] lk/dsf{ / ;d:of a'‰g] afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 . P]Frf]k}Frf] k|rngn]

Ps cfk;df ;xof]u, ;b\efj / PstfnfO{ hLjGt /fVg d2t k'¥ofPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] k}Frf]nfO{

;dfhsf] /fd|f] k|rngsf ?kdf lnOG5 .

ehg

s'g} b]jL b]jtfsf] gfd / dlxdf af/af/ lng] / ufpg] sfdnfO{ ehg elgG5 . ehgnfO{

xfd|f] ufpF3/df ehglst{g klg elgG5 . ;fdfGotof ehg cfWoflTds efjgf;Fu hf]l8Psf]

x'G5 . ehg ljz]if u/L 3/3/df cfWoflTds sd{ h:t} ?b|L, ;Ktfx, b'uf{ k"hf, ;Togf/fo0f

k"hf, hGdf]T;j tyf kj{x?df ufpg] ul/G5 . ehg ;d"xdf ufOg] ;fd"lxs ufg xf] . g]kfnL

;dfhdf ehg j}lbssfnb]lv k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsf If]qdf /x]sf

ufpF3/ 6f]n l5d]ssf d7dlGb/x? 5g\ . o:tf kljq b]jfnox?df ;dfhsf o'jf o'jtL,

a[4a[4fx?n] x/]s PsfbzLdf ;fd"lxs ?kdf ehg ufpg] ub{5g\ . ehglst{gn] dflg;df

cfWoflTds, cg'zfl;t, lzi6 / ;Eo aGg d2t ub{5 .

v}/xgL gu/kflnsfleq a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?df wfld{s ljljwtf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

oxfF cfcfˆgf wfld{s k/Dk/fcg';f/ cfkm"n] dfGg] b]jLb]jtfsf] j0f{g u/L ehg, k|fy{gf /

dlxdf ufg ufpg] ub{5g\ . ehgn] dgnfO{ cfglGbt agfpF5 . ehg ufpFbf xfdLnfO{ dgf]/~hg

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 19

klg k|fKt x'G5 . ehg ufpFbf v}Fh8L, d'h'/f, afF;'/L, dfbn, xfdf]{lgodnufotsf afhfx?sf]

k|of]u ul/G5 . ehgn] xfdLnfO{ ;sf/fTds phf{ k|bfg ub{5 . klxn]b]lv rlncfPsf xfd|f

;dfhsf o:tf df}lns k|rngx?nfO{ hf]ufO/fVg' xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf st{Jo xf] .

ljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk MljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk M

!= efOalxgLx? Û cfcfˆgf] ;dfhdf a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] s'g} Pp6f ;fdflhs k|rngsf

af/]sf n]Vg'xf];\ .

!= jfSo k9]/ l7s eP l7s / a]l7s eP a]l7s n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ ;dfhdf ljleGg hfthflt ldn]/ a;]sf x'G5g\ .

v_ cfnf]kfnf] u/L Psn] csf{sf] sfd ug]{ rngnfO{ kd{ elgG5 .

u_ k}Frf] lnOPsf] wgdfn lkmtf{ ug'{kb}{g .

3_ ehglst{gn] dflg;df cfWoflTds , lzi6 / ;Eo aGg d2t ub{5 .

ª_ ehgn] xfdLnfO{ ;sf/fTds phf{ k|bfg ub}{g .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ ;fdflhs k|rng eg]sf] s] xf] <

v_ ;fdflhs k|rngx?nfO{ lsg k':tfGt/0f ug'{kb{5 <

u_ yf]/} ;dodf s;/L w]/} sfd ug{ ;lsG5 <

3_ k}Frf]nfO{ lsg ;dfhsf] /fd|f] k|rngsf ?kdf lnOG5 <

ª_ ehg slxn] ufOG5 <

#= ehgn] s;/L cfWoflTds efjgfsf] j[l4 u5{ < cfŠgf] ts{ lbg'xf];\ .

cEof;

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

:yfgLo ko{6g

PsfO–#

• v}/xgLsf xf]d:6]

• /fKtL gbLsf] dlxdf

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

% v}/xgLsf xf]d:6]

xf]d:6] M cjwf/0ff

xf]d:6] cyf{t\ 3/af; sfo{qmd u|fdL0f

ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ xf] .

u|fdL0f ;d'bfo cem ljz]if u/L cfly{s tyf

;fdflhs jl~rtLs/0fdf kfl/Psf dlxnf,

cflbjf;L hghflt tyf cNk;ª\Vos

;d'bfonfO{ cfly{s ;zQmLs/0f u/]/ ljsf;sf] d"nwf/df Nofpg xf]d:6]n] dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg

k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] x'G5 . To;}n] xf]d:6] :yfkgf tyf k|j4{g ;‹Lo, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo

;/sf/ ;a}sf] rf;f] / k|fyldstfsf] ljifo ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf u|fdL0f ko{6g Joj;fonfO{

lxt ug]{ kbofqLx?sf nflu :yfgLo /xg–;xgdf cfwfl/t vfglkg tyf a;f]jf;sf] Joj:yf

u/]/ cgf}krfl/s ?kn] w]/} jif{b]lv xf]d:6]sf] cEof; ub}{ cfPsf lyP . xf]d:6]sf] ljlw tyf

dfGotfnfO{ cg';/0f ub}{ cf}krfl/s ?kdf xf]d:6]sf] ;'?jft eg] ljqmd ;+jt\ @)%$ df

:ofª\hfsf] l;?af/Lsf] u'?ª ufpFaf6 ;'? ePsf] dflgG5 .

dn]l;ofaf6 ;g\ !(** b]lv cflwsfl/s ?kdf ;'?jft ul/Psf] cfw'lgs xf]d:6]sf]

cjwf/0ff ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zn] cfˆgf] b]zsf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs ljsf;cg's"n ;~rfngdf

NofPsf 5g\ . To;} u/L g]kfndf xf]d:6] ;~rfng tT;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)^& n] tf]s]sf

dfkb08 / kl/lwleq /x]/ xf]d:6] ;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . pQm sfo{ljlwdf …ko{6snfO{

cfjf;, vfgf / cGo ;]jfk|bfg ug]{ p2]Zon] cfˆg} 3/ ;d'bfodf lghL jf ;fd"lxs ?kdf

;~rfng ul/Psf] ;]jfnfO{ xf]d:6]Ú eg]/ kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . ;/;tL{ x]bf{, xf]d:6] :yfgLo

snf ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, e]ife"iff / vfgkfg tyf jftfj/0fLo ;]jf;Fu cGof]Gofl>t 5 .

o;af6 cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6snfO{ /}yfg] snf, ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg, e]ife"iff, vfgkfg tyf

kof{j/0fsf ljljw cfofd;Fu hf]8]/ ko{6g Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{' g} xf]d:6]sf] d"n cfzo

xf] . xf]d:6] xf]6n xf]Og . xf]d:6] ko{6s jf kfx'gfnfO{ 3/fo;L a;fOsf nflu ;d'bfosf

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

kl/jf/n] cfwf/e"t ;'ljwfsf] hf]/hfd u/]/ Joj:yf u/]sf] cfjf; 3/ xf] . t;y{, xf]d:6]df

af; a:g' eg]sf] :yfgLo tyf /}yfg] snf, ;+:s[lt, vfgkfg tyf :yfgLo jftfj/0f cfTd;ft\

ug{' xf] . of] t kfx'gf nfu]sf] 3/ xf] .

u|fdL0f ko{6g Joj;fo k|j4{g ug]{ clek|fon] :ofª\hfsf] l;?af/Laf6 ;'? ul/Psf]

xf]d:6] sfo{qmd sd–a];L cfh b]zsf ;ft} k|b]zsf ljleGg u|fdL0f If]q;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .

cfGtl/s tyf afXo ko{6ssf] ;]jfdf ;dlk{t eP/ cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df 6]jf

k'¥ofpg] p2]Zosf ;fy v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] klg u08sL k|b]z ;/sf/;Fusf] ;xsfo{df

kflnsfsf ljleGg ufpF 6f]nnfO{ xf]d:6]sf ?kdf ljsf; ub}{ nluPsf] 5 .

v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf btf{ ePsf xf]d:6]sf] gfd o;k|sf/ /x]sf] 5 M

-!_ lrtjg g]zgn kfs{ xf]d:6]

-@_ ;'ax xf]d:6]

-#_ ;fs'/f s]Ghf] xf]d:6] tyf PsLs[t s[lif kmd{

-$_ u0f]z xf]d:6] tyf vfhf 3/

-%_ w|'jtf/f PsLs[t xf]d:6]

-^_ cf/f]xL xf]d:6]

-&_ lrtjg hª\un xf]d:6]

-*_ g]S6 xf]d:6]

-(_ xl/ofnL xf]d:6]

-!)_ cflbjf;L dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos xf]d:6]

ljz]iftfx¿M

!= :yfgLo pTkfbgsf] vfgf

@= :yfgLo nf]s;+:s[ltsf] cjnf]sg

#= ;"of]{bosf] /fd|f] b[Zo cjnf]sg ug{ kfOg] 7fpF

$= :yfgLo wfld{s tyf /x:odo :yfgx?sf] cjnf]sg

%= kfl/jfl/s jftfj/0f

^= hª\un ;kmf/L

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 23

v}/xgL gu/kflnsf ljljwtf ldl>t :yfgLo tx xf] . oxfF k|fs[lts, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts

tyf hftLo ljljwtfn] ko{6g ljsf;sf lglDt k|r'/ ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . oL ;Dkbfx?sf]

PsLs[t ljsf; x'Fbf kflnsfjf;Lsf] hLjg:t/ klg psfl;G5 . ko{6sLo If]qsf] ljsf; x'Fbf

dflg;x?sf] cfjthfjt a9\g] x'G5 . To;sf nflu pgLx?nfO{ ;'/lIft a;f]jf;sf] k|Tofe"lt

lbnfpg'k5{ . To;sf nflu xf]d:6]sf] cjwf/0ff dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M

• afnaflnsfnfO{ s'g} xf]d:6]sf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fpg'xf];\ / Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/

kfg{ nufpg'xf];\ .

• l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ubf{ JofVofg, 5nkmn, k|Zgf]]Q/ ljlwsf ;fy} cGo lhNnf /

7fpFsf xf]d:6]sf >Jo–b[Zo ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u ug{'xf];\ .

• xf]d:6] / xf]6ndf s] leGgtf 5 < n]Vg'xf];\ / sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

ljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk MljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk M

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ xf]d:6]sf] cjwf/0ff k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-v_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf xf]d:6] ;~rfng x'g s]–slt s'/fn] ;Dej eof] < n]Vg'xf];\ .

-u_ xf]d:6] ;~rfngn] cfly{s ljsf;df s;/L 6]jf k'¥ofpF5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .

-3_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf ;~rflnt xf]d:6]sf ljz]iftfx? n]Vg'xf];\ .

-ª_ v}/xgLsf xf]d:6]sf af/]df PsPs cg'R5]b n]Vg'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• v}/xgL gu/kflnsf leqsf /f]huf/Lsf cj:yf / ;Defjgfaf/] Pp6f n3' cg';Gwfg

ug'{xf];\ .

24 xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

^/fKtL gbLsf] dlxdf

g]kfn k|fs[lts b[li6sf]0fn] wgL b]z xf] . g]kfn hn;|f]tdf ljZjsf] bf];|f] :yfgdf

/x]sf] 5 . k"jL{ /fKtL gbL g]kfnsf] lrtjg pkTosf dfkm{t k"j{ b]lv klZrd;Dd aUb5 . o;

gbLn] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~hsf] pQ/L ;Ldfsf] lgdf{0f ub{5 . of] ;+/lIft If]q leq gf/fo0fL

gbL klg hf]l8Psf] 5 . o; gbL k;f{ ahf/af6 * b]lv !) lsnf]ld6/ b'/Ldf kb{5 .

hldgsf] ;txdf au]sf] kfgLn] lglZrt af6f] agfP/ lgoldt ?kdf aUg] k|0ffnLnfO{

gbL elgG5 . gbLnfO{ gbLdf ePsf] kfgLsf] dfqf / lgoldttf cg';f/ ljleGg gfd lbOG5 .

lxFp;lxt aUg]nfO{ lxd gbL, lxFp kUn]/ kfgL ag]/ a;}{el/ lgoldt aUg]nfO{ gbL, jiff{tsf]

kfgLaf6 pTklQ eP/ aUg]nfO{ vx/], ;fgf] / ;fFu'/f] af6faf6 aUg] kfgLsf] sf]nfnfO{ gfnf

elgG5, gbL h'g 7fFpaf6 pTklQ x'G5, To;nfO{ d'xfg / v:g] 7fFpnfO{ d'v elgG5 . d'Vo

gbLdf cfP/ ldl;g] gbLnfO{ ;xfos / d'Vo gbLaf6 xfFuf kmf6]/ hfg] gbLnfO{ zfvf gbL

elgG5 . b'O{j6f gbL ldl;g] 7fFpnfO{ bf]efg / tLg gbL ldl;g] 7fFpnfO{ lqj]0fL elgG5 .

o; /fKtL gbLsf] pb\ud :yfg dxfef/t z[Înf x'Fb} gf/fo0fL gbLdf uP/ ldl;G5 . o;

gbLsf ;xfos gbLx? afFofjf6 ;fd/L, s/f{, s'v|]gL, /]p, k~rgb, wf]jL vf]nf, /ftf] vf]nf,

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 25

e'txL vf]nf / bfofFaf6 nf]y/, dgx/L vf]nf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; gbLdf ;–;fgf vf]N;f],

vx/], vf]nf] cflb /fKtL gbLdf ldl;Psf] kfpg ;lsG5 . o; /fKtL gbL k|fs[lts, wfld{s,

;f+:s[lts, ko{6sLo / cfly{s ?kdf dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] gbL k"jL{ lrtjgsf] ;'v

/ b'Mv b'a} ?kdf lrGg] ul/G5 . l;+rfO{ / 9'Ëf, afn'jf, lu6L, 3fF;, af9Ln] aufP/ NofPsf

dl;gf bfp/fx? o; gbLaf6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . h'g o; e]usf dflg;x?nfO{ /fxt ldn]sf]

5 eg] aiff{tsf] ;dodf cfpg] 7"nf] af9Ln] dfgjLo, cfly{s / k|fs[lts ?kn] Iflt k'¥ofPsf]

kfOG5 . o; gbLn] lj=;= @)%) / @)%( ;fndf cfPsf] af9L ufFp j:tLdf k|j]z u/L 7"nf]

wghgsf] gf]S;fgL u/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] o; gbLnfO{ b'Mvsf] gbL klg elgG5 . ha–ha aiff{t\

nfU5 To;kl5 gbLsf] kfgLsf] ;tx a9]/ 8\ofu -8\ofd_ ;Dd cfpg] ub{5 . 8\ofusf] :kf]/nfO{

jf9Ln] eTsfpg], aufpg] / s6fg ug]{ sfo{n] ubf{ aiff{sf] ;dodf a9L qf; / 8/fpg kg]{

b]lvG5 . /fKtL gbLdf /x]sf] 8\ofu :jL; ;/sf/af6 :jL; kl/of]hgfn] nf]y/af6 lhGbufgL

3f6;Dd lgdf{+0f ePsf] kfOG5 . o; 8\ofunfO{ k|To]s jif{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/n]

ah]6 5'6\ofO{ 8\ofunfO{ dd{t / gofF :kf]/ agfpg] sfd x'Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . nf]y/ vf]nfjf6

slª\qm6sf] jfn lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{ ;'? ePsf] kfOG5 . o; sfo{nfO{ klg o; e]usf ;d'bfon]

;s/fTds ?kdf lnPsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . ljleGg JolQm, /fhgLlts bnx?, ;+3 ;:yfx?n]

8\ofunfO{ dd{t / cfjZostf cg';f/ :kf]/ yKg] sfo{sf nflu cfjfh p7fpg], ;DalGwt kIf

jf lgsfonfO{ emsemsfpg] sfd eO/x]sf] kfOG5 .

o; gbLaf6 nueu !$ j6f eGbf j9L s'nf]x? lgdf{0f u/L l;FrfO{sf] dfWodjf6

s[lif, dT:o kfng, ;fd'bflos jgdf kfgLsf] Joj:yfn] ubf{ hLjhgfj/x?nfO{ ;d]t /fd|f]

ePsf] kfOG5 . k|fs[lts, wfld{s, ;f+:s[lts, ko{6sLo / cfly{s ?kn] klg of] gbL dxŒjk"0f{

dflgG5 . o; gbLsf] 5]p5fpdf l;d;f/ If]q, tfn, kf]v/L, kfs{, xf]6n, dlGb/, lkslgs :kf]6{

/ lgs'~hsf] /d0fLo b[Zo b]Vg kfOG5 . o; /fKtL gbLn] v}/xgLsf] j8f g+= !!, !@, / !# nfO{

5f]Psf] 5 . o; gbLdf nfdf 3f6, lk›xgL 3f6, ;'08L 3f6, u}8fxf 3f6, lhGbufgL 3f6, alnof

3f6, uj} dxfb]j:yfg 3f6, OrgL{ 3f6 /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; 3f6df d/]sf dflg;x?sf] bfx;+:sf/

ug]{ ul/G5 ;fy} lth, ;fpg dlxgf, ds/ ;qmfGtL, bz}, ltxf/, PsfbzL, kmfu'k"l0f{df / lzj/fqL

cflbdf o; gbLdf cfO{ :gfg ug]{ / z'4 eO{ hfg] k|rng /x]sf] 5 . o; gbLnfO{ kljq gbLsf]

?kdf klg dfGg ;lsG5 lsgsL of] gbL kljq / :jR5 gf/fo0fL gbLdf ldl;G5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

o; gbLn] v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+= !), !!, !@ / !# If]qnfO{ s'nf]sf]

dfWodjf6 kfgL NofO{ l;FrfO{sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . h;n] ubf{ oxfFsf

hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ /fd|} dfGg ;lsG5 . o; gbLnfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dfg]/ cfGtl/s / jfXo

ko{6ssf nflu 9'Ëf ;o/ ug{ / ljleGg hnr/sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;

e]usf dflg;x?nfO{ 3/, uf]7, zf}rfno / cGo ljsf;sf sfo{ ug{sf nflu 9'Ëf, afn'jf

lu6L cflb k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o; gbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] sf7, bfp/f cflbsf] dfWodjf6 3/

agfpg / OGwgsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o; gbLsf] kfgLn] lgs'~h / ;fd'bflos jgdf

/x]sf hLjhgfj/x?sf] nflu dfq geO{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d]t 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 .

clxn] cfP/ /fKtL gbL clt ;+s6df k/]sf] ds/ / 3l8ofn uf]xLsf] nflu /fd|f] jf;:yfg

/ ;'/lIft k|hgg\ s]G› aGb} uPsf] kfOG5 . o; If]qdf /x]sf] tfn, ;fd'bflos jg, lgs'~h,

k|fs[lts b[Zo, xf]6n, nh, vfhf 3/, xf]d :6] / ljleGg hfthfltsf] ;+:s[ltn] ubf{ /fKtL

gbLsf] cjnf]sg ug{ dflg;x?sf] le8 /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cGTodf /fKtL gbLnfO{ arfpFb} o;

gbL;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLx?sf] ;+/If0f u/f}F .

lzIf0f lqmofsnfklzIf0f lqmofsnfk

• /fKtL gbLdf s] s] kfOG5 < lzIfs tyf cleefjsx?sf] ;xof]udf ;"rL

agfpg'xf];\ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M

• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ /fKtL gbLsf ko{6sLo ;Defjgfsf s'/fx?df 5nkmn u/L o;sf

kmfObfx?af/] JofVof ug{'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 27

s_ tnsf k|Zgx?sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

!= /fKtL gbLsf] d'xfg sxfF xf] <

@= /fKtL gbLsf] ;xfos gbLsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

#= lqj]0fL s] nfO{ elgG5 <

$= /fKtL gbLdf s'g–s'g hLjhgfj/ kfOG5 <

%= /fKtL gbLdf s'g–s'g 3f6 /x]sf] 5 <

v_ tnsf k|Zgx?sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

!= /fKtL gbLaf6 xfdLn] s]–s] kmfObf kfPsf 5f}+ <

@= /fKtL gbLsf] dxŒj n]vL xfdLn] gbLsf] ;+/If0f lsg ug{' k5{ < n]Vg'xf];\ .

#= /fKtL gbLsf] ko{6sLo / ;f+:s[lts ;Defjgf n]vL ;+/If0fdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx?

n]Vg'xf];\ .

cEof;

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• kl5Nnf] ;do /fKtL gbLdf kmf]xf]/d}nf a9]sf] 5 . /fKtL gbLnfO{ ;kmf Pjd\ ;'Gb/

/fVg tkfO{, tkfO{sf] kl/jf/ / ;d'bfosf] tkm{af6 s]–s] sfo{ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <

n]Vg'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

:yfgLo s[lif Joj;fo

PsfO–$

• Rofp v]tL

• s[lifladf

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

&Rofp v]tL

Rofp Ps ;"Id lhjf0f' xf] . of]

df6f]df pd|g] la?jf xf]Og, s]jn wfuf]

h:tf] 9';L xf] . o;nfO{ cË|]hLdf kmË;

(fungus) elgG5 . hª\undf cg]sf}+

hftsf Rofpx? pd|G5g\ . tL Rofpx?

s'g} ljiffn' x'G5g\ eg] s'g} vfgof]Uo /

:jflbi6 x'G5g\ .

hª\unL Rofpx?df s'g vfg x'g] s'g vfg gx'g] To;} eGg ;lsFb}g . w]/}h;f] h8\unL

Rofpx? ljiffn' x'g] x'Fbf o:tf Rofp vfFbf dflg;sf] d[To' klg x'g ;S5 . kl5Nnf] ;do

Rofpsf] s[lqd / Jofj;flos v]tL ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;+;f/df w]/} hftsf Rofpx?sf]

Jofj;flos v]tL ;'? ePsf] 5 . g]kfndf vf; u/L $ hftsf Rofp v]tL ul/Psf] kfOG5 M

-s_ uf]a|] Rofp (White button)

-v_ sGo] Rofp (oyster mushroom)

-v_ d[u] Rofp (shitake)

-u_ k/fn] Rofp (straw mushroom)

pQm ljleGg hftsf Rofpx? pdfg{sf nflu leGg tfkqmd / df};dsf] cfjZostf

kb{5 . uf]a|] / sGo] Rofp sf7df8f}+ pkTosf / dWo kxf8L e]udf /fd|f];Fu pd|G5 eg] k/fn]

Rofp t/fO{sf] udL{df /fd|f] x'G5 . l;tfs] Rofp pRr kxf8L e]u / dWo kxf8df /fd|f] ePsf]

kfOG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

Rofpsf] hLjgrqm

Rofp 5ftf cfsf/sf] x'G5 . 5ftfsf] leqkl§ kqkq h:t} x'G5 / To;df g} Rofpsf]

aLp aGb5 . Rofpsf] aLp uf]nfsf/, RofK6f] jf nfDrf] cfsf/sf] Hofb} dl;gf] cfFvfn]

gb]lvg] w'nf] h:t} x'G5 . o;nfO{ :kf];{ elgG5 . oxL aLp rfFlxbf] v'/fs tfkqmd / cfjZos

kfgLsf] dfqf kfPkl5 pd|]/ wfuf] h:t} 9';L x'G5 . oxL 9';Laf6 Rofp lg:sG5 .

Rofpsf] kf}li6stf

g]kfnL ;dfhdf RofpnfO{ Tolt dxŒjk"0f{ :yfg lbOPsf] kfOFb}g . o;df kfOg]

kf}li6stfsf ;DaGwdf w]/} dflg;x?nfO{ yfxf geP/ klg o;sf] dxŒj h'g ?kdf x'g'kg]{ xf]

Tof] ?kdf gePsf] b]lvG5 . Rofpdf w]/} kf}li6s tŒjx? kfOG5g\ . o;df d'Vo u/]/ k|f]l6g,

le6fldg / ljleGg ldg/N; kfOG5 . le6fldgdf P, la / l; k|z:t kfOG5 . Rofpdf kof{Kt

dfqfdf km:kmf]/;, cfO/g, yfoldg nufotsf kf]ifs tŒjx? kfOG5g\ . o;df sd Sofnf]/L /

sd ˆof6 kfOG5 .

sGo] Rofp v]tL

g]kfndf a9L v]tL x'g;Sg] ju{sf] Rofp xf] . sGo] RofpnfO{ cª\u|]hLdf

…jo:6/Ú elgG5 . o;sf] v]tL k/fndf ul/G5 . t/ k/fnafx]s ds}sf] vf]of, vf]:6f, sf7sf]

w'nf] / 5\jfnLdf klg ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] nflu tfkqmd @)–#) l8u|L ;]lN;o; / ;fk]lIft

cf›tf *) k|ltzt x'g'kb{5 . ef}uf]lns b[li6n] *))–!$)) ld6/ prfO ePsf] 7fpFdf r}q

dlxgfb]lv sflt{s dlxgf;Dd v]tL ug{' pko'Qm dflgG5 .

cfjZos ;fdu|L

8«d, Knfl:6s af6f jf aflN6g, e';f sf6\g] s}+rL, r'nf], Knfl:6s l;6, Knfl:6s

Aofu, k/fn, Rofpsf] aLp .

v]tL ug]{ tl/sf

sGo] Rofp v]tL ug{sf nflu ;kmf / /fd|f] s'Go' nufPsf] k/fn x'g'kb{5 . k/fndf

xl/of]kg ePsf] v08df 9';L km}ng ufx|f] x'G5 . cfkm"nfO{ rflxg] hlt /fd|f] k/fn hf]lv;s]kl5

sl/a @–# OGr nfdf] 6'qmf kfg{'kb{5 . of] k/fn 6'qmf kfg{ s}+rL jf r'n];L k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

6'qmf kf/]sf] k/fnnfO{ sDtLdf @ 306f;Dd ;kmf kfgLdf lehfpg'kb{5 . cem} /ftel/ lehfpFbf

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 31

klg x'G5 . lehfPsf] k/fnnfO{ ;kmf kfgLn] kvfNg'kb{5 . kvfln;s]kl5 k/fnsf] kfgL ;'Sg

@–$ 306f /fVg'kb{5 . ;'s]sf] k/fnnfO{ kfgLsf] afkmn] cem} ;]Sg'kb{5 cyf{t\ akmfpg'kb{5 .

/f]Kg] tl/sf

sGo] RofpnfO{ /f]Kgsf nflu Knfl:6ssf] !@ × @^ OGr cyjf !^ × @^ OGr

;fOhsf] y}nf] rflxG5 . Rofpsf] aLp Knfl:6ssf] y}nfdf /f]Kbf Ps tx k/fn, Ps tx aLp

/fVb} xftn] a];/L lyRb} hfg'k5{ . aLp / k/fn ld;fP/ y}nf e/]sf] v08df klg /fd|} x'G5 .

y}nf el/;s]kl5 o;sf] d'v ;'tnLsf] wfuf] jf /a/n] /fd|/L afFWg'kb{5 . o;df $ cf}+nfsf]

km/sdf Kjfn kfg{'kb{5 . ;fy} Kjfnx? k"/f vf]n]sf] x'g'kb{5 .

of] aLp /f]k]sf] kf]sfnfO{ cFWof/f] sf]7fdf # xKtf;Dd /fVg'kb{5 . Tolta]nf sf]7fsf]

tfkqmd @@–@% l8u|L ;]lN;o; x'g'kb{5 . # xKtfleq Rofpsf] 9';L k/fndf km}lnP/ ;]tf]

x'G5 . o;kl5 Knfl:6s Roft]/ ;]tf] 8NnfnfO{ e'FOdf jf ¥ofsdf /fVg'kb{5 . e'FOdf /fVbf OF6f

jf sf7sf] ˆNofs tnlt/ /fvL Ps Ps laQf km/s u/L nfOgdf /fVg'kb{5 . lbgsf] @–#

k6s;Dd dl;gf] kmf]xf]/f h:t} u/L ;kmf kfgLn] 8Nnfdf leHg] u/L 5g{'kb{5 . kfgLsf] dfqf

k/fnsf] 8Nnfsf] jl/kl/ ldnfP/ x'g'kb{5 .

;hf]/sfh' hftsf] sGo] Rofpdf kfgL lbPsf] l7s $–% lbgkl5 ;fgf;fgf slgsf

h:tf] Rofpx? b]vfkb{5 . o;sf] #–$ lbgdf g} Rofp l6Kg] a]nf x'G5 . o;a]nf sf]7fdf

xfjfsf] ;~rfng /fd|f];Fu x'g'kb{5 . sf]7fsf] ‰ofn9f]sf vf]nL pHofnf] kfg{'kb{5 . o;/L

Psk6s Rofp l6k]kl5 csf]{ &–!) lbg;Dd kfgL xfNb} ug{'kb{5 . Tolta]nf csf]{ Rofp

cfpF5 / bf];|f] k6ssf] Rofp l6Kg] a]nf x'G5 . To;} u/L csf]{ !) lbgkl5 t];|f] k6s Rofp

lbg] a]nf x'G5 .

v}/xgLsf] xfjfkfgL / e"uf]n k|foM ;a} hftsf Rofpsf nflu cg's"n 5 . oxfFsf]] j8f

g+= !# df s]xL a9L / v}/xgL @ df klg Jofj;flos ?kdf Rofp v]tL u/]sf] kfOG5 . oxfF

k/fn], sGo], uf]a|], 8Nn] Rofpsf] v]tL ePklg Joj;flos ?kdf eg] v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf

sGo] Rofpsf] dfq} v]tL x'g] u/]sf] 5 . Rofp v]tL k|j4{gsf nflu Rofp v]tL k|jw{g sfo{qmd

/ d]o/ s[lif sfo{qmd dfkm{t k|j4{g ul/Psf] 5 . oxfF sGo], k/fn] / l;tfs] jf d[u] Rofpsf]

a9L v]tL ul/G5 . yf]/} nufgL / yf]/} kl/>daf6 kf}li6s tŒjn] el/k"0f{ t/sf/L vfg kfOg]

ePsfn] v}/xgLsf s[ifsx? la:tf/} Rofp v]tLtkm{ cfslif{t ePsf 5g\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ Rofp s] xf] <

-v_ hª\unL Rofp s:tf x'G5g\ <

-u_ g]kfndf vf; u/L slt hftsf Rofpx?sf] v]tL ul/G5 <

-3_ uf]a|] / sGo] Rofp s:tf] 7fpFdf /fd|f] x'G5 <

-ª_ Rofpsf] aLp s:tf] x'G5 <

-r_ Rofpdf s:tf] k|sf/sf] kf}li6stf kfOG5 <

lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M

• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ Rofp v]tL ul/Psf] 7fpFdf n}hfg'xf];\ / Rofp v]tLsf ;DaGwdf :ki6

kfg{'xf];\ . Rofp v]tLsf ;DaGwdf cgnfOg dfkm{t\ ljleGg lzIffd"ns lel8of] ;fdu|L

b]vfpg'xf];\ .

lqmofsnfk M lqmofsnfk M

• Rofp v]tL ul/Psf] 7fpFdf uO{ cWoog cjnf]sg u/L Rofp v]tL ug{] tl/sf sfkLdf

l6kL sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .

• cleefjssf] ;xof]udf 3/df Knfl:6sdf k/fn] Rofp nufpg'xf];\ . Rofp nufpFbfb]lv

vfg] a]nf;Ddsf k|To]s lqmofsnfkx? sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

cEof;

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 33

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ Rofpsf] kl/ro lbFb} o;sf] dxŒjsf af/]df pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

-v_ sGo] Rofp /f]Kg] tl/sfsf af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .

#= tnsf jfSox¿ l7s eP l7s lrXg -_ a]l7s eP a]l7s lrXg -_ nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ ;a} Rofp vfg of]Uo x'G5g\ .

-v_ Rofp Ps k|sf/sf] 9';L xf] .

-u_ w]/}h;f] hª\unL Rofp vfg x'G5g\ .

-3_ ljiffn' Rofp vfFbf dflg;sf] d[To' klg x'g ;S5 .

-ª_ Rofpdf k|z:t kf}li6s tŒjx? kfOG5g\ .

$= vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ M

-s_ Rofp Ps k|sf/sf] ======== xf] . -hLj÷9';L_

-v_ sGo] Rofpsf] v]tL ======== df ul/G5 . -wfg÷k/fn_

-u_ sGo] Rofpsf nflu ===========k/fn rflxG5 . -6's|ofPsf]÷nfdf]_

-3_ Rofpsf] lap /f]k]sf] y}nf]nfO{ ====== df /fVg'k5{ . -cFWof/f]÷3fd_

-ª_ Rofpdf ;fdfGotfM af];f] ============= . -x'G5÷x'Fb}g_

34 xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

* s[lifladf

;'dgsf a'af ladf sDkgLdf sfd ug{'x'G5 . 3/df s[lifladfsf ;DaGwdf ;'dg /

a'afaLr ePsf] s'/fsfgL o;k|sf/ 5 M

;'dg M a'af, cfhef]ln s[lifladfsf af/]df w]/} rrf{ ;'lgG5 . vf;df s[lifladf

eg]sf] s] xf] <

a'af M Psbd /fd|f] ljifo p7fof} ;'dg ltdLn] . s[lifladfsf af/]df rrf{ eP klg

w]/}nfO{ of] ljifodf ;TotYo yfxf gx'g ;S5 . ;'g, xfdL s[lifk|wfg d'n'ssf

gful/s xf}F . xfdL w]/}h;f] ufpFd} a;f]af; u5f}{+ . ufpFsf] d'Vo k];f eg]s} s[lif

xf] . s[lif k];f eg]sf] k|fs[lts ?kd} hf]lvdo'Qm Joj;fo xf] . To;}n] s[lif

If]qdf o:tf hf]lvdx?nfO{ sd u/fpgsf nflu s[lifladfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]

xf] . o;sf nflu ;/sf/n] …afnL tyf kz'kIfL ladf lgb{]lzsf @)^(Ú hf/L

u/]sf] 5 . clxn] s[ifsn] cfˆgf] afnL, df5f, kIfL, kz'wgsf] ladf ug{

;S5g\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 35

;'dg M s[lifladf sxfF uP/ ug{] xf] t a'af <

a'af M s[lifladf ug{ y'k|} sDkgLx?n] cg'dlt lnPsf 5g\ . tLdWo] cfkm"nfO{ kfos

kg]{ s'g} klg sDkgLsf clestf{ jf l;w} sDkgLsf] sfof{nodf uO{ cfkm"n]

u/]sf] s[lifsfo{ / nfut vr{ pNn]v u/L kmf/fd a'emfpg'k5{ . pQm sDkgLn]

k7fPsf] k|fljlws 6f]nLsf] l/kf]6{ cfO;s]kl5 clestf{n] ls;fgsf] kz'kIfL

tyf afnLsf] ladf ul/lbG5g\ .

;'dg M s[lifladf s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <

a'af M kz'kIfL tyf afnLladf u/fpg rfxg] laldtn] sDkgLn] pknAw

u/fPsf] kz'kIfL tyf afnLladf k|:tfj kmf/fd k"0f{ ?kn] e/L afnL /

kz'kIfLsf] ljj/0f k"/f vf]Ng'k5{ . ;fy} kz'kIfLsf] :jf:Yo ljj/0f ;DalGwt

kz' lrlsT;s÷k|fljlws÷s[lif k|fljlwsaf6 e/fpg'k5{ . ;f] kz' klxrfgsf

nflu lrlsT;s jf k|fljlwsaf6 ;ª\s]t kQf nufO{ ;f]sf] gDa/ klg ladf

k|:tfj kmf/fddf pNn]v ug{'k5{ .

;'dg M vf;df s[lifladfleq s]s] s'/f kb{5g\ t a'af <

a'af M s[lifladfcGtu{t kz'wg ladf, kIfLladf, wfgafnL ladf, cfn'afnL ladf,

kmnkm"n afnLladf, df5fladf, Rofpladf, cli6«r ladf, df}/Lladf cflb

-sDkgLcg';f/ o:tf] Kofs]h yk36 x'g ;S5_ kb{5g\ .

;'dg M kz'wgsf] d[To' ePdf Ifltk"lt{ slt kfOG5 t a'af <

a'af M kz'wg d[To' ePdf ladfª\ssf] () k|ltzt, kz'wg k"0f{ ?kn] :yfoL ?kdf

czQm ePdf ladf°sf] %) k|ltzt Ifltk"lt{ kfOG5 .

;'dg M ladfn] s]–s:tf hf]lvdaf6 hf]ufpF5 <

a'af M cfunfuL, af9L, 8'afg, e"sDk, v8]/L, klx/f]÷e":vng, cl;gf, cfF+wLa]x/L,

lxpF jf t'iff/f], cfsl:ds b'3{6gfhGo afXo sf/0fx?, /f]u tyf sL/faf6 x'g]

xflggf]S;fgL, ljleGg hf]lvdaf6 x'g] gf]S;fgL cflbaf6 ladfn] hf]ufpF5 .

;'dg M ladf vf;df slt cjlwsf nflu x'G5 t a'af <

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

a'af M ladfsf] cjlw sDkgLsf] lgodcg';f/ km/s kg{ ;S5 . kz'wgdf Ps jif{,

kIfLsf] 5f]6f] cjlw Ps Aofr jf Ps jif{, afnLdf Ps afnL cjlwe/ jf

a9Ldf Ps jif{sf nflu x'G5 .

;'dg M laldt kz' eGgfn] s]s] kb{5g\ <

a'af M laldt kz' eGgfn] b"w, df;', la|l8ª, kz' >d, pmg pTkfbgsf nflu kflng]

kz'x? ufO{, uf]?, e}F;L, /fFuf], rf}F/L, ofs, e]8f, Rofª\u|f, afv|f, v;L, aª\u'/,

3f]8f, uwf, vRr8 cflb kb{5g\ .

;'dg M ladf ug{ slt vr{ nfU5 t a'af <

a'af M l7s k|Zg ;f]Wof} ;'dg ltdLn] . s[lifladfsf If]qdf hlt ladfz'Ns nfUg] xf]

To;sf] cg'kftdf nfUg] &% k|ltzt lk|ldod g]kfn ;/sf/n] cg'bfg lbg] /

@% k|ltzt ls;fg cfkm}Fn] xfNg'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . clxn] ;/sf/n] Eof6 5'6

u/]sf sf/0f emg} ;xh ePsf] 5 . To;sf] d"Nofª\sg klg x'G5 . ;fdfGotof

ls;fgn] o;afkt\ To;sf] % k|ltzt lk|ldod ltg{'k5{Ù h;cg';f/ Ps nfv

?k}ofF a/fa/sf] s[lifhGo j:t'sf] ladf ubf{ ls;fgn] kfFr xhf/ ?k}ofF ladf

z'Ns ltg{'k5{ . kfFr xhf/ ladfz'NsdWo] ?= #&%)÷– ;/sf/n] cg'bfg

lbG5 eg] ?= !@%)÷– ls;fg cfkm}Fn] a]xf]g{'k5{ . Ps nfv ?k}ofFsf] ladf

u/fpg] Ph]G6n] ladfz'Ns -kfFrxhf/_ sf] !% k|ltzt cyf{t\ & ;o %)

?k}ofF sld;g kfpF5 . Ph]G6n] kfpg] & ;o %) sld;gdWo] % ;o ^@

?k}ofF %) k};f ;/sf/n] cg'bfg lbG5 . ls;fgn] eg] ! ;o *& ?k}ofFdfq}

Ph]G6 sld;g a]xf]/] k'Ug] Joj:yf 5 .

kz'sf nflu ladfª\ssf] %% -#=&%% cg'bfg ;/sf/n] lbg]_

k+5Ldf k|ltjif{ ladfª\ssf] %% -#=&%% cg'bfg ;/sf/n] lbg]_

k+5Ldf k|ltAofr ladfª\ssf] !=@%% -)=(#&%% cg'bfg ;/sf/n] lbg]_

afnLdf k|ltafnL nfut d"Nosf] %% -#=&%% cg'bfg ;/sf/n] lbg]_

df5fdf ladfª\ssf] @% -!=%% cg'bfg ;/sf/n] lbg]_

Rofpladf ladfª\ssf] %% -#=&%% cg'bfg ;/sf/n] lbg]_

cl:6«rladf ladfª\ssf] @% -!=%% cg'bfg ;/sf/n] lbg]_

df}/Lladf ladfª\ssf] %% -#=&%% cg'bfg ;/sf/n] lbg]_

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 37

;'dg M slt pd]/sf] kz' ladf ul/G5 a'af <

a'af M :yfgLo tyf pGgt g:nsf] ufO{ ;fdfGotof b'O{ jif{ -klxnf] a]t ePsf]_ b]lv

bz jif{;Dd, e}F;L tLg jif{ -klxnf] a]t ePsf]_ b]lv !@ jif{;Dd, :yfgLo tyf

pGgt g:nsf] afR5L, sf]/nL jf kf8L ^ dlxgfb]lv b'O{ jif{;Ddsf] ul/G5 .

To:t} k|hggsf nflu pGgt g:nsf]] ;fF9] jf /fFuf] tLg jif{b]lv !@ jif{;Dd,

e]F8f, afv|f, aª\u'/ tLg dlxgfb]lv laqmLsf nflu tof/ gx'Fbf;Dd ul/G5 .

;'dg M s:tf] cj:yfdf laldt kz'kIfL jf afnLsf] bfaL nfUb}g <

a'af M lgDg cj:yfdf laldt kz'kIfL jf afnLsf] bfaL nfUb}g M

•

laldt kz'kIfL jf afnL x/fPdf jf rf]/L ePdf .

•

lgwf{l/t cjlwleq bfaL k|lqmof ;'? gu/]df .

•

laldt kz'kIfL jf afnLsf] ladfz'Ns ga'emfPsf] cj:yfdf jf gjLs/0f

ug{'kg]{ ladfn]v ;dfKt ePsf] ;ft lbgleq gjLs/0f u/L tf]lsPsf]

;+:yfdf ladfz'Ns k|fKt gePdf .

•

laldt kz'kIfL jf afnLsf] z/L/df nufO{ /flvPsf] ;ª\s]tk§f d[t

kz'wgsf] z/L/df ge]l6Pdf .

•

laldt kz'kIfL jf afnLsf] z/L/df /flvPsf] ;ª\s]tk§f s'g} sf/0f

ljz]ifn] x/fPdf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L tTsfn lads jf tf]lsPsf] ;+:yfnfO{

gu/fPdf .

•

r/g, :jf:Yopkrf/ / k|hgg k|of]hgsf nflu dfq uf]7b]lv %÷^

lsnf]ld6/ eGbf a9Lsf] b'/Ldf b'3{6gf ePdf .

•

ladssf] ;xdltljgf kz'kIfLnfO{ h'g k|of]hgsf nflu NofPsf] xf]

;f]afx]s cGo k|of]hgdf k|of]u u/]df .

•

kIfLdf a8{ˆn" ePdf .

;'dg M ladf ul/Psf] kz'kIfL jf afnL a]Rg'k/]df s] ug]{ t a'af <

a'af M xf], ladf u/]sf] kz'kIfL jf afnL a]Rg'k/]df a]Rg'cl3 ladf sDkgLnfO{ hfgsf/L

u/fO{ ladf /2 u/]df * dlxgf;Dd ladfn]vdf plNnlvt k|ltztsf lx;fan]

s6fO{ afFsL ladf z'Ns lkmtf{ klg kfOG5 . t/, bfaL kl/;s]sf] xsdf eg]

lkmtf{ x'Fb}g .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

;'dg M xflg gf]S;fgL ePsf] slt lbgleq Ifltk"lt{ kfOG5 <

a'af M kz'kIfL jf afnL gf]S;fg ePsf] tLg lbgleq s[ifsn] ladf clestf{,

s[ifs ;d"x÷;b:o ;+:yfsf] k|ltlglwnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'k5{ . !% lbgleq

k|fljlwsaf6 k|dfl0ft u/fPsf] k|df0fkq, ;Ssn ladfn]v / ;h{ldg d'r'Nsf

k]; u/]kl5 7fpF x]/L a9Ldf Ps dlxgfleq Ifltk"lt{ kfpg ;lsG5 . ladfcjlw

;dfKt ePsf] /x]5 eg] gjLs/0f u/fpg'k5{ . geP Ifltk"lt{ kfOFb}g .

;'dg M ladfn]v s]s] sf/0fn] /2 x'g ;S5 <

a'af M laldt kz'kIfL jf afnLsf ;DaGwdf n'sfOl5kfO em'6f ljj/0f lbOPsf]

kfOPdf ladfn]v /2 x'G5 . ladsnfO{ hfgsf/L glbO{ cjlw ;dfKt gx'Fb}

kz'kIfL jf afnL laqmL u/]df jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn] xs 5f8L x:tfGt/0f

u/]df ladfn]v :jtM /2 x'G5 . laldt kz'kIfL jf afnL s'g} ljQLo ;+:yfaf6

C0fdf lnPsf] cj:yfdf pQm C0f r'Qmf eO{ laldt kz'kIfL jf afnL laqmL

ePsf] cj:yfdf ladfn]v :jtM /2 x'G5 .

;'dg M v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf s[lif ladfsf] nflu s] Joj:yf 5 a'af <

a'af M o; gu/kflnsfleq :yfoL a;f]af; ug]{ ls;fg Pjd\ s[lif pBdLsf nflu

gu/kflnsfn] s[lif aLdfdf cg'bfgsf] Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 . afnL ladf ug]{

ladf sDkgLdf afnL aLdf u/] kZrft\ ls;fgn] lt/]sf] aLdf z'Nsdf %)Ü

cg'bfg o; gu/kflnsfaf6 ls;fgnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] Aoj:yf ldnfOPsf]

5 . o;af6 ls;fgn] nufpg] v]tLdf ljleGg k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g ;Sg]

;Defljt IftLaf6 ls;fgnfO{ x'g] cfly{s xflg gf]S;fgLsf] hf]lvd ef/ sd

kb{5 .

;'dg M cfh w]/} s'/f hfgsf/L kfPF a'af . xh'/nfO{ wGojfb .

a'af M xf] lg . ghfg]sf s'/f o;}u/L ;f]Wg] afgL a;fNg'k5{ . -b'a}hgf vfgf vfg

efG;flt/ hfG5g\ ._

lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M

• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ kz' tyf afnL ladfsf ;DaGwdf :ki6;Fu a'emfOlbg'xf];\ .

cfjZostfcg';f/ lel8of] ;fdu|L klg b]vfpg'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 39

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ s[lifladfleq s]s] s'/f kb{5g\ <

-v_ s[lifladf s;/L ul/G5 <

-u_ kz'wg d[To' ePdf s;/L Ifltk"lt{ kfOG5 <

-3_ ladfn] s]–s:tf hf]lvdaf6 hf]ufpF5 <

-ª_ ladfn]v s]s] sf/0fn] /2 x'g ;S5 <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ kz' tyf afnLladf lsg cfjZos k5{ < sf/0f lbg'xf];\ .

-v_ kz' tyf afnLladfsf ;d:ofx? s]s] x'g\ < pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

#= tnsf jfSox? l7s eP l7s lrXg -_ / a]l7s eP a]l7s lrXg -_ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ladf z'Nssf] @% k|ltzt cg'bfg ;/sf/n] a]xf]5{ .

-v_ ufO{sf] ladf la; jif{;Dd ul/G5 .

-u_ kz' d/]df jf afnL gf]S;fg ePdf # lbgleq ;"rgf lbg'k5{ .

-3_ kz'wg d/]df jf afnL gf]S;fg ePdf ;"rgf lbPsf] ! dlxgfleq Ifltk"lt{ kfOG5 .

cEof;

• tkfOF{sf] ufpFdf kz' tyf afnLladf s;/L / slt ;ª\Vofdf ul/Psf] 5

< s[ifssf] gfd, afnL jf kz'sf] k|sf/, ladfsf] k|sf/ tyf cGo ljj/0f n]v]/

lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

• …v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf s[lifladfsf] cj:yfÚ zLif{sdf Pp6f ;dfrf/ agfP/ sIffdf

jfrg ug'{xf];\ .

ljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk MljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk M

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

:yfgLo k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw

PsfO–%

• df5fkfng

• l;nfO s6fO

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

gfgLafa' xf] Û df5f z/L/df

d]?b08 / xf8 x'g] k|f0fL xf] . o;n]

sgv'/ -luN;_ sf] ;xfotfn]

;f; km]5{ . of] kv]6f (n) sf]

;xfotfn] kf}l8G5 . of] lr;f] /ut

ePsf] hnr/ k|f0fL xf] . df5fdf

k|z:t k|f]l6g kfOG5 . df5f vfgdf

:jflbnf] x'G5 eg] :jf:Yosf b[li6df

klg /fd|f] dflgG5 . df5fnfO{ kf]v/L, tfn, gbL, wfg v]t tyf cGo hnfzox?df kfNg

;lsG5 .

cfh xfdL df5fsf ljleGg k|sf/sf af/]df k9\g] 5f}F M

g]kfnsf gbL, vf]nf tfn / kf]v/Lx?df ljleGg hftsf df5fx? kfOG5g\ . g]kfnd}

kfOg] ePsfn] o:tf df5fx?nfO{ :jb]zL df5f elgG5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf gbL

tyf vf]nfgfnfx?df klg w]/} lsl;dsf df5fx? kfOG5g\ . s]xL df5fx?sf] kl/ro tn

lbOPsf] 5 –

-!_ /x' M

of] d]h/ sfk{ ;d"xsf]

df5f xf] . o;nfO{ …/f]x'Ú jf

…?OÚ klg elgG5 . of] df5f

lgs} :jflbnf] tyf nf]slk|o hftsf] df5f xf] . o;sf] z/L/ nfdf] /

8f]nf] vfnsf] x'G5 . z/L/el/ dWod cfsf/sf sTnf kfOG5g\ / sTnfsf] /ª s]xL

/ftf] x'G5 . o; df5fn] Pssf]zLo n]p, k|f0fLhGo hLjf0f' / ;8]un]sf] emf/kft vfG5 .

l9nf] a9\5 / @–# jif{ kfn]df Ps 8]9 lsnf]sf] x'G5 . of] df5f k'/fgf] ulx/f

kf]v/L tyf k|fs[lts bxx?df rfF9f] a9\5 .

(df5fkfng

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

-@_ g}gL÷d[un M

g}gL hftsf] df5f lkFwdf rg{]

u5{ . of] df5fn] n]p, sfO{ / ;8]un]sf

jg:kltx? vfG5 . o; hftsf] df5fsf]

z/L/ nfdf] x'G5 . o;sf] dflyNnf] efu

v}/f] tyf tNnf] efu ;]tf] x'G5 . z/L/el/ sTnf kfOG5 . cfFvfsf] /ª ;'gf}nf] b]lvG5 . of]

hftsf] df5f Ps jif{df ! lsnf] a9L tf}nsf] x'G5 .

-#_ efs'/÷sTnf M

o; hftsf] df5fsf] z/L/ s]xL

rfSnf] x'G5 . o;x?sf] dflyNnf] efu

v}/f] x'G5 . k]6 ;]tf] /ªsf] x'G5 . o;sf]

z/L/el/ 7"nf 7"nf sTnfx? x'G5g\ .

vfgfsf b[li6n] of] df5f :jflbnf] x'G5 .

:jf:Yosf nflu klg of] df5f kmfObfhgs x'G5 .

g]kfndf ljb]zL hftsf df5fx? klg 5g\ . ljb]zL hftsf df5fx?nfO{

af]nrfnsf] efiffdf …ljsf;] df5fÚ elgG5 . ljsf;] hftsf df5fx?nfO{ /fd|f];Fu kfNg ;s]

5f]6f] ;dodf w]/} pTkfbg lbg ;S5g\ . logLx? kfgLdf sd clS;hg /x]sf] cj:yfdf klg

afFRg ;Sb5g\ . o:tf ljb]zL hftsf d'Vo df5fx? o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

-!_ sdg sfk{ M

of] rfOlgh sfk{ ;d"xsf] df5f

xf] . logLx? klg Psyl/ lhpel/ sTnf

x'g] x'G5g\ . csf{yl/ lhpdf yf]/} sTnf

x'g] x'G5g\ . lhpel/ sTnf x'g]nfO{ hd{g sfk{ elgG5 . sd sTnf x'g]nfO{ Oh/fonL jf ld//

sfk{ elgG5 . o;sf] cf]7sf] b'j}tkm{ h'Fuf x'G5 . of] df5f ;j{eIfL -;a} s'/f vfg]_ xf] . o;n]

;;fgf ls/f vfG5 eg] s'lxPsf] emf/kft klg vfG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 43

-@_ l;Ne/ sfk{ M

of] klg rfOlgh sfk{leq kg{] df5f

xf] . o;sf] z/L/df ;;fgf] rfFbLh:tf]

6Nsg] ;]tf] sTnf x'G5 . z/L/ s]xL

nfDrf] / r]K6f] x'G5 . o;sf] tNnf] efu

s]xL ltvf] x'G5 . 6fpsf] s]xL ;fgf] /

uf]nf] x'G5 . o; df5fsf] lundf dl;gf] hfnL x'G5 . of] df5f @%–#) ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmddf

/fd|f] km:6fpF5 . kf]v/Ldf of] df5f Ps jif{df Ps 8]9 lsnf];Ddsf] x'G5 . of] df5f a9Ldf

%) ;]lG6ld6/ nfdf] x'G5 . o;sf] jhg %) lsnf];Dd x'G5 .

-#_ laux]8 sfk{ M

o;sf] 6fpsf] 7"nf] / nfDrf] x'G5 .

To;}n] o;sf] gfd laux]8 /flvPsf] xf] .

z/L/df l;Ne/ sfk{ h:t} ;–;fgf sTnfn]

9fs]sf] x'G5 .

-$_ u|f; sfk{ M

of] rfOlgh sfk{ ;d"xsf] df5f

xf] . o;sf] lhp nfDrf] / s]xL uf]nf]

vfnsf] x'G5 . o;sf] 6fpsf] rf}8f x'G5 .

z/L/df 7"nf 7"nf Psgfzsf sTnfx?

x'G5g\ . x'ls{Psf] df5fn] kf]v/Lsf] emf/kft

/ 3fF; vfG5 . kf]v/Ldf kfNbf of] Ps jif{df !=% s]hL;Ddsf] x'G5 .

-%_ /]Gjf] 6«fp6

/]Gjf] 6«fp6 lr;f] / ;kmf kfgLdf

x'g] df5f xf] . of] Hofb} :jflbnf] ljsf;]

df5f xf] . k|fs[lts cj:yfdf of] df5f

df+;fxf/L x'G5 . t/ s[lqd ?kdf kfng

ubf{ /fd|f] vfnsf] k|f]l6go'Qm bfgf v'jfP/

of] df5fnfO{ kfNg ;lsG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

v}/xgLsf ljleGg 7fpFx?df Jofj;flos df5fkfng ;'? ul/Psf] 5 . o;

gu/kflnsfsf s[ifsx? df5fkfng Joj;fok|lt klg cfslif{t x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . oxfF @$

j6f df5fkfng kmfd{ btf{ eP/ ;~rflnt 5g\ . df5fkfngsf] nflu gu/kflnsfn] kf]v/L

dd{t, cfjZos ofGqLs/0f -df]6/, kDk;]6, Pl/o6/, % s¶feGbf d'lgsf] nflu kf]v/L lgdf{0f

h:tf s'/fdf cg'bfg k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

lqmofsnfk Mlqmofsnfk M

• gu/kflnsfsf k|fljlwssf] ;xof]udf v}/xgLsf vf]nf tyf gbLdf

tkfOF{{n] b]Vg'ePsf df5fx?sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

• v}/xgLsf df5fkf]v/Ldf s:tf df5f 5g\ < sIffdf $÷$ hgfsf] ;d"x

agfO{ 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

cEof;

lzIf0f–;'emfj M lzIf0f–;'emfj M

• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ glhs}sf] df5fkf]v/Lsf df5f b]vfP/ ltgsf ljz]iftfx?sf af/]df

atfOlbg'xf];\ .

• OG6/g]6sf dfWodaf6 df5fkfng ;DaGwL hfgsf/Ld"ns lel8of] ;fdu|L b]vfP/

5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

!= tnsf jfSox? l7s eP -√_ lrXg / eP a]l7s -â_ lrXg nufpg'xf];\ M

-s_ :jf:Yosf nflu df5f nfebfos x'G5 .

-v_ df5f k|f]l6gsf] pQd ;|f]t xf] .

-u_ lhpel/ sTnf x'g] df5fnfO{ Oh/fonL sfk{ elgG5 .

-3_ efs'/ ;j{eIfL df5f xf] .

-ª_ 6fpsf] 7"nf] x'g] df5f l;Ne/ sfk{ xf] .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 45

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• tkfO{F a;]sf] j8fdf df5f kfng ul/Psf xf]nfg\ . ToxfF s'g s'g hftsf

df5fx? 5g\ < lzIfs jf cleefjssf] ;xof]udf gfd l6Kg'xf];\ / s'g}

Ps hftsf] df5fsf af/]df j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .

@= vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ M

-s_ df5fdf a9L ========== kfOG5 . -sfaf{]xfO8«]8÷k|f]l6g_

-v_ /f]uJoflw ;xg] Ifdtf =============================== df5fdf a9L x'G5 . -:yfgLo

hftsf÷aflx/sf_

-u_ rfFbLh:tf] 6Nsg] df5fnfO{ ====== elgG5 . -laux]8÷l;Ne/ sfk{_

-3_ ;a} vfg] jf ;j{eIfL df5f ============ xf] . -sdg sfk{÷l;Ne/ sfk{_

#= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ df5f s:tf] k|f0fL xf] <

-v_ s:tf df5fx?nfO{ s[lqd kf]v/Ldf kfNg ;lsG5 <

-u_ :jb]zL hftsf df5fx? s]s:tf 5g\ <

-3_ sdg sfk{ s:tf] df5f xf] <

-ª_ l;Ne/ sfk{ s:tf] df5f xf] <

$= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ g]kfndf kfOg] /x' s:tf] k|sf/sf] df5f xf] < JofVof ug{'xf];\ .

-v_ /]Gaf] 6«fp6 df5fsf af/]df j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .

46 xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!) l;nfO s6fO

efOalxgLx? Û ;dfhdf a:g]

dflg;x?n] lhljsf]kfh{gsf nflu cfˆgf]

l;k tyf bIftfcg';f/sf ljleGg k];f

Joj;fo ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . xfd|f cfZostf

k"/f ug{sf ;dfhdf ul/g] o:tf ;a}k|sf/sf

k];f Joj;fox? ;a} ;dfg x'g\ . o:tf k];f

Joj;fok|lt ;Ddfgk"0f{ Jojxf/ ug'{kb{5 .

cfh xfdL :yfgLo l;k cGtu{t l;nfO

s6fOsf ljifodf 5nkmn u/f}F x} t .

wfuf] / l;of]sf] ;xfotfn] sk8f jf s'g} j:t'nfO{ hf]8\g] jf l;nfpg] sfdnfO{ l;nfO{

elgG5 . lglZrt gfkf]df sfl6Psf sk8f, 5fnf, jf cGo nlrnf j:t'nfO{ cfk;df hf]8\g]

snf g} l;nfO xf] . of] k|flrg sfnb]lv ;'? ePsf] snf jf ;+:s[lt xf] . ;a} ;+:s[ltdf

l;nfO s6fOsf ljleGg tl/sfx? k|rngdf lyP . t/ cfhef]ln ljz]if u/L d]l;gn] g}

l;nfpg] ul/G5 . lglZrt gfk / l8hfOgsf cfwf/df sk8f / j:t'nfO{ 6'qmfpg] sfdnfO{ s6fO

elgG5 . sk8f jf s'g} j:t' sf6\bf gfk / 8«fˆ6sf cfwf/df sfl6G5 . o;/L sfl6Psf sk8f

tyf j:t'nfO{ ljleGg l8hfOgcg';f/ l;nfOG5 .

xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf :yfgLo k];f Joj;focGtu{t l;nfOs6fOnfO{ ljz]if

dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . l;nfO{ s6fOnfO{ 3/]n' pBf]usf ?kdf lnOG5 . gu/leq /x]sf dflg;x?n]

o;nfO{ Joj;fosf ?kdf ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 . sltko dflg;x?df of] l;k k'vf{af6

k':tfGt/0f ePsf] 5 eg] sltkon] tflndaf6 bIftf xfl;n u5{g\ . l;nfO s6fO l;k xfl;n

u/] kZrft yf]/} nufgLdf cfˆg} 3/df klg Joj;fo u/]/ cfTdlge{/ aGg ;lsG5 . v}/xgL

gu/kflnsfn] gu/If]qleq /x]sf OR5's JolQmx?nfO{ ;do ;dodf tflnd lbb} cfPsf] 5 .

o;/L tflnd lnPsf dflg;x?n] cfkm}n] Joj;fo ;~rfng u/L cfo cfh{g ug{ ;kmn

ePsf 5g\ . of] Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx? o;k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ M

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 47

d]l;g÷sn, l;of]÷wfuf], OgrL 6]k, s}FrL, alag lkmsL{, 8«fˆ6 k]k/, /ª\lug rs,

l;;fsnd÷snd, sk8f sf6\g] Dof6, O:qL÷cfO/g -6fFs, x'k, lkg, Uofl6;, r]g, aqmd,

l6ka6g cflb cfjZostf cg';f/_

;dosf] ljsf;;Fu} dflg;sf hLjgz}nLdf kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . dflg;n] lhpgsf

nflu s'g} g s'g} k];f cª\ufn]sf x'G5g\ . ;dfhdf sf]xL 8sdL{, l;sdL{sf] sfo{ ub{5g\ .

sf]xL lzIf0f k];fdf cfj4 5g\ . To;}u/L cfhef]ln s[lifcGtu{t kmnkm'n t/sf/L, s'v'/f,

df5f, ufO{ kfng u/]sf x'G5g\ . xf]6n Joj;fo ;~rfng u/]/ klg dgUo cfo cfh{g u/]sf

5g\ . dfgjLo cfjZostf k"lt{sf nflu ul/g] x/]s k];f Joj;fonfO{ xfdLn] ;Ddfg ug'{kb{5

eg] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;dfg b[li6sf]0fn] x]/L k|f]T;fxg :j?k cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf ug'{kb{5 .

ufpF3/ tyf ;x/ahf/df ;fgf] kF'hLn] klg ;lhn} ;~rfng ug{ ;lsg] xF'bf cr]n

k|z:t dfqfdf l;nfO s6fO l;knfO{ k];f Joj;fosf ?kdf ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . of] Joj;fo

;~rfng ubf{ dflg;x?n] cfˆgf b}lgs Jojxf/df cfOkg]{ ; ;fgf ;d:ofx?nfO{ ;xh}

;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] ePsfn] cfhef]ln lgs} nf]slk|o k];f ag]sf] 5 . l;nfO s6fO

Joj;fosf kmfObfx?M

• lbuf] pBdzLntf

• l;k ljsf;

• cfTdljZjf;df j[l4

• cfly{s art tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg

• xft / cfFvfsf] s;/t

• l;h{gzLntfsf] ljsf;

• tgfj Joj:yfkgsf] cfwf/

• JolQmTj ljsf;

• Yff]/} nufgL / ;fgf] :yfgdf klg ;~rfng

ug{ ;lsg]

v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] ;do ;dodf n3' pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd cGtu{t o;

gu/kflnsfsf a]/f]huf/ / cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg dlxnfx?sf nflu l;nfO s6fOsf tflndx?

;~rfng ub{} cfPsf] 5 . o;af6 gu/kflnsfsf w]/} dlxnfx? nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ .

lzIf0f ;'emfjlzIf0f ;'emfj

• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfleq ;~rfng ul/Psf l;nfO

s6fO Joj;fosf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .

• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{nfO{ cf–cfˆgf cleefjssf k];f Joj;fosf af/]df eGg

nufpg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk M

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] Ps jfsodf pQ/ eGg'xf];\ .

s_ dflg;n] lsg ljleGg k];f Joj;fo u5{g\ <

v_ l;nfO s6fO eg]sf] s] xf] n]Vg'xf];\ .

u_ dflg;x?n] l;nfO s6fOsf] bIftf s;/L xfl;n u5{g\ <

3 l;nfO s6fO Joj;fosf nflu cfjZos ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

ª_ dflg;n] lhpgsf nflu s:tf s:tf k];f cª\ufn]sf x'G5g\ <

@= nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ l;nfO s6fO k];f ufpF tyf zx/df lsg nf]slk|o aGb} uPsf] 5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .

v_ l;nfO s6fO Joj;fosf kmfObfx? s] s] x'g\ n]Vg'xf];\ .

u_ æ;a} k];fnfO{ lsg ;Ddfg ug'kb{5Æ Ps cg'R5]bdf cfˆgf] wf/0ff kfg'{xf];\ .

cEof;

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• æv}/xgL gu/kflnsfleq /x]sf d'Vo k];f Joj;fodWo] l;nfO s6fO klg k|d'v

k];f Joj;fo aGb} uPsf] 5 .Æ of] egfOnfO{ k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 49

:yfgLo k|fs[lts ;Dkbf

PsfO–^

• v}/xgLsf jGohGt' / jg:klt

• rf}tf/f]sf] dlxdf

• jg ;+/If0fsf pkfo

50 xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!! v}/xgLsf jGohGt' / jg:ktL

->L r08L cfwf/e"t ljBfno, v}/xgL # df cfh sIff % sf ljBfyL{ / lzIfs

lar v}/xgLdf nf]k x'Fb} uPsf jg:klt / hgfj/sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{] eg]/ lxh} ljBfnosf

k|wfgfWofksn] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'ePsf] lyof] . cfh pxfFn] v}/xgLdf kfOg]

jg:klt / hgfj/x?sf] lrq;lxt rf6{ k]k/ lnP/ cfpg'ePsf] 5 . pxfFn] pSt rf6{ k]k/

;]tf]kf6Ldf em'G8\ofpg'x'G5 ._

hgs u'? M gfgLafa'x? Û oL rf6{ k]k/x?df ePsf lrqx? x]g{'xf];\ t – d}n] oxfF s'g}

hgfj/sf lrqx? NofPsf] 5' . s'g} jg:kltx?sf lrq NofPsf] 5' . ljzfn,

tkfO{Fn] of] klxnf] rf6{ k9\g'xf];\ t .

ljzfn M xj;\ u'? Û -k9\g ;'? ub{}_ cfb/0fLo u'? / ;fyLx?, xfd|f] v}/xgLdf ljleGg

lsl;dsf jg:kltx? kfOG5g\ . oxfF kfOg] k|d'v jg:kltx?df ;fn, rfFk,

s6';, lrnfpg], l;;f}, vo/, l;dn, plQ;, ;Nnf, lavdf/L cflb /x]sf 5g\ .

oxfFsf 8fn] 3fF;x?df s'6ld/f], vGo', lrGg], kfv/L, sf]O/fnf], baba], lsDa'

cflb k|d'v 5g\ . oxfF kfOg] h8La'6LhGo jg:kltx?df 3f]8tfk|], h6fd;L,

kfFrcf}Fn], ;t'jf, ltt]kftL cflb /x]sf 5g\ .

hgs u'? M cf]xf] Û slt :ki6;Fu cfˆg} efiffdf k9]sf] ljzfnn] . tkfO{FnfO{ w]/} w]/}

wGojfb . ca bf];|f] rf6{ ljlgtf /fgfn] k9\g'xf];\ t .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 51

ljlgtf M x'G5 u'? . -rf6{df x]b{}_ cfb/0fLo u'? / ;fyLx? Û xfd|f] v}/xgLdf ljleGg

hftsf hgfj/x? kfOG5g\ . oxfFsf hª\un tyf a:tLsf 5]p5fpdf kfOg]

hgfj/x?df af3, efn', lrt'jf, 9]F8'jf, d[u, 3f]/n, :ofn, aFb]n, tf]uL, v/fof],

b'D;L, Rofv'/f, afFb/ cflb k|d'v /x]sf 5g\ .

hgs u'? M gfgLafa'x? Û lrqdf b]vfOPsf oL hgfj/ tyf jg:kltx? lxhf]cfh

v}/xgLsf ljleGg :yfgx?df kfOP klg sltko t lgs} b'n{e alg;s]sf

5g\ . oxfFsf jg, kfvf tyf a:tLsf 5]p5fpx?df kfOg] oL jg:klt tyf

hgfj/x?dWo] s'g} s'g} lj:tf/} nf]k x'Fb} uO/x]sf 5g\ . xfdLn] o:tf jg:klt

tyf hgfj/x?sf] a]n}df ;+/If0f ug{'k5{ .

k|bLk M u'? Û xfd|f] v}/xgLdf nf]k x'Fb} uPsf d'Vo hgfj/ tyf jg:kltx? s'g s'g

x'g\ t <

hgs u'? M -rf6{df b]vfpFb}_ otf x]g{'xf];\ x}, hgfj/x?dWo] xfd|f] v}/xgLdf afFb/afx]s

c? ;a} hgfj/x? nf]k x'Fb} 5g\ . jg:kltdf rflxF rfFk, ;t'sf, lavdf/L,

vo/ x'g\ . oL jg:klt tyf hgfj/x? xfd|f nflu lgs} d

jk"0f{

5g\ .

logLx?n] xfd|f] jgsf] zf]ef a9fpF5g\ . jg:kltx? t xfd|f nflu cf}ifwL

x'g\ . lxhf]cfh dflg;x? nf]eLkfkL ePsf 5g\ . pgLx? k};f sdfpg o:tf

jg:klt / hgfj/sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L u5{g\ . rf]/Ll;sf/L u/]kl5 :jtM sd x'G5 .

;/sf/n] rf]/Ll;sf/L ug{]nfO{ s8f sfg'gsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . tkfOF{{x?

clxn] ;fg} eP klg b'n{e jGf:klt / hgfj/sf af/]df hfgsf/L lng'k5{ .

kl5 7"nf] ePkl5 ;+/If0f ug{ ;xof]u ug{'k5{ . nf} t gfgLafa'x? Û cfhsf]

sIff olQ g} . -3G6L aH5 ._

lzIf0f ;'emfjlzIf0f ;'emfj

• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfleq kfOg] ljleGg hgfj/ tyf

jg:kltx?sf] lrq÷lel8of] k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ / nf]k x'g nfu]sf jGf:klt / hgfj/sf

af/]df JofVof ug{'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!= tnsf] egfO s;n] eg]sf] xf] <

-s_ d}n] oxfF s'g} hgfj/sf lrqx? NofPsf] 5' .

-v_ oxfFsf 8fn] 3fF;x?df s'6ld/f], vGo', kfv/L, sf]O/fnf], baba], lsDa' cflb k|d'v

5g\ .

-u_ xfd|f] v}/xgLdf ljleGg hftsf hgfj/x? kfOG5g\ .

-3_ xfd|f] v}/xgLdf nf]k x'Fb} uPsf d'Vo hgfj/ tyf jg:kltx? s'g s'g x'g\ t <

-ª_ jg:kltx? t xfd|f nflu cf}ifwL x'g\ .

@= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ hgs u'?n] s]s:tf ;fdu|L lnP/ sIffdf k|j]z ug{'eof] <

-v_ v}/xgLdf kfOg] jg:kltx?sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

-u_ v}/xgLdf kfOg] hgfj/x?sf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

-3_ v}/xgLsf b'n{e jg:klt / hgfj/x?sf] ;"rL tof/ ug{'xf];\ .

-ª_ dflg;x? lsg jg:klt / hgfj/sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L u5{g\ <

-r_ hgs u'?n] cGTodf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ s] s'/f eGg'eof] <

cEof;

• tkfO{Fsf ufpF3/df s] s:tf jg:klt / hgfj/x? kfOG5g\ < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .

• tkfO{Fsf 3/ j/k/ /x]sf jg, kfvfdf kfOg] b'n{e jGf:klt / hgfj/x?sf] gfd

n]Vg'xf];\ .

ljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk M

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

-xfdLsxfF nueu % xhf/ jif{

cufl8b]lv cfkmGtn] d[tssf] gfd

/ ;Demgfdf ljleGg kf6Lkf}jf, ;Qn,

9'Ë]wf/f, rf}tf/f], kf]v/L, k|tLIffno,

au}Frf OToflb agfpg] rng lyof] . af6f]

lxF8\g] a6'jf, el/of, uf]7fn] nufot ;a}

lsl;dsf dfG5]x?nfO{ xfjfx'/L rNbf

xf];\ jf cl;gfkfgL kbf{, yfs]/ xf];\ of ef]sfP/, ltvf{P/ cfpFbf zLtn, cf]t dfq xf]Og dL7f]

kfgL / kmnkm"n;Fu} af; ldNYof] . a6'jfx? t[Kt eP/ To:tf s'/f agfpg]x?nfO{ dge/Lsf

cflzif lbGy] . clxn] To:tf] cj:yf 5}g . kf6Lkf}jf elTsP/ km]l/ aGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ . slt

rf}tf/f]x? cltqmd0f / ;8s lj:tf/ ubf{ dfl;Pkl5 km]l/ aGg ;s]gg\ . 9'Ë]wf/f, s'jf, Ogf/

t b]lvg} 5f8] . oxfF o:t} ;Gbe{sf] s'/fsfgL eO/x]5 ;'gf}+ ._

a6'jf M o:tf] 6G6nfk'/ 3fddf cfpFbf Pp6f ultnf] rf}tf/f] ;d]t e]l6b}g t <

ufpFn] M rf}tf/f] ePsf] 7fpF oxL xf] t/ plxNo} eTsfOof] Pp6f kf6L klg lyof] clxn]

t gfdf]lg;fg 5}g afh] . kLknsf] klg To:tf] lahf]u 5 . klxn] xfdL oxL

808Llaof] / skbL{ v]NYof}+ . p k/sf] kf}jfdf n'sfdf/L v]NYof} . oxL k'; !%

df eJo d]nf nfUYof] . la6f af]Sbf, 3fF; bfp/f ubf{ ysfO dfg]{ lkª xfNg] 7fpF

oxL xf] . clxn] t lrlgFbf klg lrlgGg . emf8Ln] 9fls;s]sf] 5 .

a6'jf M ;fob s;}nfO{ rf;f], lrGtf / dfof geP/ xf]nf . ;vf{/n] gu/];Dd s]xL klg

x'Fb}g .

-ptfkl§ glhs} gflt xh'/af a;]sf x'G5g\ . gfltn] xh'/afnfO{ ;f]W5 . a6'jfx? hfG5g\ _

!@ rf}tf/fsf] dlxdf

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

gflt M rf}tf/f] eg]sf] s] xf] xh'/af <

xh'/af M ltd]?nfO{ …rf}tf/f]Ú eg]sf] klg yfxf 5}g . of] ?v 5 lg < o;nfO{ kLkn

eG5g\ . of] a"9f] eP/ dg{ cfF6] klg xfdLnfO{ slt zLtn 5fofF lbPsf] 5 .

o;l;t nufPsf j/ / zdL 9nL;s] . of] g} rf}tf/f] xf] . xh'/afn] nufPsf o:tf

wdf{Tdf ?vnfO{ gfltn] gyk]kl5 s] ug{' / < dfl;Fb} uP . logL t eujfg x'g\ .

gflt M -xfF:b}_ xf xf xf xf o:tf a"9f] eP/ dg{ nfu]sf] ?v klg eujfg x'G5 / <

eujfg t /fd, s[i0f, lzj, lji0f', dxfb]j cÍn h:tf xf]Ogg\ / <

xh'/af M x]/ gflt j/, kLkn / zdLnfO{ xfd|f] wd{ zf:qdf b]jtf dflgG5 .

-ev{/} cfP/ rf}tf/f]df 6';'Ss glhs} a;]sf lgwf/df rGbg, sfFwdf /fdgfdL cf]9]sf

kl08thLn] rf;f] /fV5g\ ._

kl08thL M xf] a'af . j/kLkn / zdLnfO{ wd{zf:qdf lqb]j cyjf ltgf]6f b]jtf elgPsf]

5 . j/nfO{ lzj, kLknnfO{ lji0f' clg zdLnfO{ a|XdfhLsf] ?k dflgG5 .

gflt M clg o:tf] 7"N7"nf chËsf ?v nufP/ s] kmfObf x'G5 t <

xh'/af M wd{ x'G5 lg . ;'g d]/f lhh' xh'/afsf b'O6L lhh'xh'/cfdf lax] ubf{ klg lgs}

jif{;Dd ;Gtfg ePg5g\ . kl5 Hof]ltifsf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ pxfFn] rf}tf/f] lrGg'

eP5 .

gflt M Tof] t s]xL geP klg d}n] lg lrG5' x} <

xh'/af M rf}tf/f] lrGg] eg]sf] sxfF To:tf] xf] / gflt < rf}tf/f] agfpg] eGof xf] . clg ;'g Û

rf}tf/f] agfPkl5 b'O{j6} >LdtLaf6 ;Gtfg eP5g\ . To;kl5 pxfFn] v';L eP/

;f/f Oi6ldq / ufpFn]nfO{ 8fs]/ k~r]afhf ahfP/ eJol;t rf}tf/f]sf] lax] ulb{g'

eof] . …v8\s] rf}tf/f]Ú eg]kl5 xfd|f lhh'n] agfPsf] rf}tf/f] eg]/ ;f/fnfO{ yfxf

5 .

gflt M clg lhh' xh'/afn] agfPsf] rf}tf/f] eP/ xf] xh'/cfdfn] kLknsf] kfgL vfg

hfg] xh'/af <

kl08taf M kfgL vfg] xf]Og hn vfg] eGg'k5{ afa' . kLknsf] af]6df lgoldt hn vfFbf,

hn r9fpFbf dgf]sfdgf k"/f x'G5 . zq'sf] gfz x'G5 . u|xbf]if / si6x?gfz

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 55

x'G5g\ . P]Zjo{, zflGt, ;Gtfg / ;'v k|flKt x'G5 . j}1flgs ?kdf klg lkknsf]

w]/} dxŒj /x]sf] 5 afa" . s] yfxf lhh'xh'/af clg xh'/ cfdfn] To:tf] sd{

gu/]sf eP ltdL klg o; wtL{df x'GYof} ls x'Gy]gf} <

>Ldbefujt uLtfdf eujfg >Ls[i0fn] eGg' ePsf] 5 .

cZjTyM ;j{j[Iff0ffd\, d"ntf] a|Dx?kfo

dWotf]lji0f'?lk0f], cu|tMlzj?kfo cZjTyfo gdf]gdM

cyf{t\ d j[Ifdf kLkn x'F . kLknsf] d"ndf a|DxfhL, dWodf lji0f'hL jf cu| efudf

eujfg lzjhL lj/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 .

km]l/ j}1flgs b[li6n] klg o:tf ?v¿sf] cfˆg} dxŒj /x]sf] 5 . logn] x/fe/f /

jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng sfod u/]sf x'G5g\ . j}1flgsx?sf cg';f/ kLkn dfq o:tf] ?v

xf] h;n] rf}la;} 306f clS;hg kmfln/x]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f jl/kl/sf ;Dk"0f{ hLjlhjfTdf,

df6f]kfgL, xfjf h:tf k|fs[lts j:t'x? dfgj hLjgsf] cl:tŒj;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . oLdWo

s'g} klg s'/f x6fOlbgf ;fy kof{j/0fLo ;Gt'ng lalu|g hfG5 .

xh'/af M o:t} s'/fnfO{ a'em]/ xfd|f k"j{hx?n] j/kLknx?nfO{ j:t'sf ?kdf k"hf ub}{

cfPsf lyP . pgLx?Úk|s[lt k"hsÚ lyP .

gflt M p;f] eP t xfd|f k"j{hx? …Aofs 6' g]r/Ú eGg] lhg Hofs ?;f]eGbf klxNo}

af7f /x]5g\ xlu <

kl08thL M clg t . o:tf af]6x? jf:tljs bftf x'g\ h;n] s]jn lbG5g\ . logn] sfa{g8fO{

cS;fO8 ;f];]/ clS;hg / gsf/fTds phf{nfO{ ;f];]/ ;sf/fTds phf{ lbG5g\ .

cfo'j]{lbs b[li6sf]0fn] klg oL af]6x?af6 bd, hf]gL{ b'Vg], afFemf]kg, dlxnf

/f]usf cg]sf} cf}ifwLx?agfpg k|of]u x'G5 . elgG5 j/kLknsf] af]6 glhs

hfFbf /f]u lgsf] x'G5 :j:y eOG5 . k|frLg sfndf uf}tda'4 nufot slt

CifLd'gL / ;Gtx?n] kLknsf] af]6d'gL Wofg u/]/ l;l4 k|fKt u/]sf lyP .

xh'/af M o:tf xfd|f k"j{hx?sf ;DkbfnfO{ ltgsf k':tfn] hf]ufpg'' k5{ . ckgTj,

dfgjtf, k|s[lt k|]d, ;dfh ;]jf, wd{;+:s[lt h:tf cg]s s'/f l;sfpg] s'/fx?

df:g'x'Fb}g . clxn] k|ltIffnoafx]s c? ;a dfl;b} uPg t .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M

• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ;d'bfo jf ljBfno j/k/ /x]sf rf}tf/f], kf6Lkf}jf, ;Qn, 9'Ë]wf/f,

kf]v/L, au}Frf OToflb s]xL eP b]vfO{ s;n] agfPsf] xf] < ;+/If0f 5 ls 5}g <

geP s] ug{ ;lsG5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .

• …v8\s] rf}tf/f]Ú h:t} ;d'bfodf tkfO{n] lrg]sf] ;fj{hlgs rf}tf/f], 9'Ë]wf/f, kf}jf,

;Qn jf au}Frf kQf nufO{ s;n], lsg, slxn] agfPsf /x]5g\ < sIffdf 5nkmn

ug{'xf];\ .

• lzIfssf] ;xof]udf k|fs[lts ;Dkbf, jGohGt' / dfgj aLrsf] cGt/;DaGwaf/]

ljZn]if0f ug'{xf];\ .

lqmofsnfk Mlqmofsnfk M

cEof;

!= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .

-s_ ufpFn] / a6'jfx? sxfF a;]/ s'/fsfgL ub}{ lyP <

-v_ j/, kLkn / zdLnfO{ lsg b]jtf dflgG5 <

-u_ rf}tf/L lrGg] eg]sf] s] xf] <

-3_ rf}tf/f]sf] klg lax] ul/G5 xf]nf < cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVg'xf];\ .

-ª_ kLknsf] hn vfFbf s] x'G5 <

-r_ 7"N7"nf af]6x? lsg bftf x'g\ <

-5_ rf}tf/L lsg hf]ufpg'k5{ <

@= ;d"x …sÚ ;Fu ;d"x …vÚ df ldNbf] cy{ vf]hL hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ .

;d"x …sÚ ;d"x …vÚ

-s_ rf}tf/f] agfpFbf k|s[lt k"hs lyP .

-v_ j/, kLkn / ;dLnfO{ dgf]sf+Iff k"/f x'G5 .

-u_ k~r]afhf ahfP/ wd{ zf:qdf b]jtf dflgG5 .

-3_ kLknsf] af]6sf] hn vfgfn] xfjfx'/L rNbf cf]t nfUg ldN5 .

-ª_ xfd|f k"j{hx? rf}tf/f]sf] klg lax] ul/G5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!# jg ;+/If0fsf pkfo

jg xfdL ;a}sf] ;femf ;DklQ xf] .

jgnfO{ clS;hgsf] vfgLsf ?kdf lnOG5 .

3gf?kdf ?v tyf ljleGg lsl;dsf af]6

la?jf ePsf] 7fpFnfO{ jg hª\un

elgG5 . jgdf x'g] nfkaf{xL / dfl;b} uPsf]

jg ;+/If0f ;Daw{g u/L ;d'bfosf] lxtsf

nflu k|of]u ug]{ u/L ;d'bfonfO{ x:tfGt/0f

u/]sf] jgnfO{ ;fd'bflos jg elgG5 .

dfgjLo unt lqmofsnfk tyf k|fs[lts ljklQsf sf/0f cfhsn jg hª\un ljgf; x'Fb}

uPsf 5g\ . ;/sf/ PSn}n] ;+/If0f ug{ sl7g ePsf] kl/l:yltdf ;d'bfonfO{ ;+/If0f ug{

x:tfGt/0f ug]{ qmd al9/x]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L x:tfGt/0f ePsf jgdf pkef]Stf ;ldlt lgdf{0f

ul/Psf] x'G5 . pkef]Qmfx?n] cfˆgf] jgsf] ;+/If0fsf] nflu ljleGg lgodx? agfPsf

5g\ . jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xx?n] jg ;+/If0fsf nflu ckgfPsf ljleGg pkfox? x'G5g\ . tL

pkfox?sf af/]df cfh xfdL 5nkmn u/f}F x} t .

j}wflgs ?kdf ;fd'bflos jgdf :yfgLo jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] lgod agfO{ jg ;+/If0f

ug{ ;Sg] tyf lgod ldRg] JolQmx?nfO{ sf/jfxL ;d]t ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg 5 . ;d"xx? aGg'sf]

pb]Zo jgnfO{ cltqmd0faf6 hf]ufpg', cj}wflgs s6fgLaf6 /f]Sg', cfunfuLaf6 hf]ufpg'

cflb /x]sf 5g\ . ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x u7g u/]/ ;+/If0f u/]tfklg rf]/L lgsf;L /f]Sg

/ jg ;+/If0fdf yk r'gf}tLx?sf] l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . ;fd'bflos jg hf]ufpg' xfdL ;a}sf]

st{Jo xf] . o;sf nflu :yfgLo lgsfon] ;d]t Wofg k¥ofpg'kb{5 . jg ;+/If0fsf pkfox?

o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg]

;d'bfodf x:tfGt/0f ePsf] jgnfO{ lbuf] Joj:yfkg, jg ;+/If0f tyf ;xL ;b'kof]u

ug{ pkef]Stf ;ldlt u7g ul/Psf] x'G5 . olb pkef]Qmf ;ldlt lgliqmo eof] eg] jg ;+/If0f

x'g ;Sb}g . To;}n] ;ldltnfO{ ;do / lgodcg';f/ ;lqmo agfpg'kb{5 . pkef]Qmf ;ldltn]

/fd|f];Fu ;+/If0f u/]sf jgx? gd'gf jg aGg ;S5g\ . h:t} s'd/f]h ;fd'bflos jg, s+sfnL

;fd'bflos jg klg gd'gf ;fd'bflos jg x'g\ .

tf/af/ ug]{

;DalGwt ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] ;fd'bflos jg If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f ug'kb{5 .

;fd'bflos jg ;+/If0fsf nflu ;d'bfosf] jgIf]qnfO{ tf/af/ u/]/ hf]ufpg' kb{5 . tf/af/ ubf{

jgleq /x]sf hgfj/x?nfO{ ;xh x'g] u/L pgLx?sf] r/g / jf;:yfgnfO{ Vofn ug'kb{5 .

tf/af/ ubf{ jgdf x'g] rf]/L lzsf/L Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

x]/fn'sf] Joj:yf

jgdf hyfefjL x'g ;Sg] km8fgL, rf]/L l;sf/Lh:tf ultljlwnfO{ /f]Sg jg x]/fn'sf]

Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . x]/fn'sf] Joj:yf jg pkef]Stf ;ldltn] g} ug'{kb{5 . olb jgdf unt

lqmofsnfk ePdf x]/fn'n] ;DalGwt lgsfodf hfgsf/L u/fpg' kb{5 . To;kl5 pkef]Stf

;ldltn] lgodcg';f/ cfjZos sf/afxL cufl8 a9fpF5 . o;/L x]/fn'sf] Joj:yf u/]/ jg

;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

j[Iff/f]k0f ug]{

jgdf vfnL ePsf 7fpFdf gofF la?jf /f]Kg] sfo{nfO{ j[Iff/f]k0f elgG5 . j[Iff/f]k0fn]

;fd'bflos jgsf] :t/f]Gglt x'G5 . sltko a'9f ePsf ?vx? 9N5g\ To;}u/L cgfjZos

a'6\ofg a9]/ emf8L ePsf] x'G5 . To:tf 7fpF ;kmf u/]/ ax'd"No ?vx? h:t} /StrGbg , rfFk

, ;fn, l;;f}, vo/h:tf ?vsf la?jf nufpg'kb{5 .

clUg /]vf

dflg;sf cljj]sL / c;fjwflgk"0f{ lqmofsnfkn] jgdf 89]nf] nfUg] ub{5 . 89]nf]n]

jGohGt'sf jf;:yfg gi6 x'gsf ;fy} sltko jGohGt'x? g} dg{ ;S5g\ . jGohGt' / jg

;+/If0fsf nflu jgdf clUg /]vfsf] Joj:yf ug'kb{5 . clUg /]vf vg]/ s'nf]h:tf] agfOG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 59

h;n] ubf{ jgdf cfuf] nfluxfn] klg s'nf]sf] dfWodn] ;a} jgdf cfuf] ;Nsg kfpFb}g .

l;d;f/ If]q ;+/If0f

jgdf cfxf/ljxf/ ug]{ jGohGt'nfO{ vfgf;Fu} kfgLsf] cjZostf kb{5 . jgleq /x]sf

l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsof] eg] lhjhGt';Fu} jgk}bfj/sf] klg ;+/If0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf s'd/f]hnufotsf jgx?df l;d;f/ If]qsf] ;+/If0f ul/Psf]

5 . h;n] ubf{ jGohGt'n] ;lhn} kfgL lkpg ;S5g\ .

cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd u/]/

……;fd'bflos jg ;d'bfosf] wgÚÚ eGg] d"n gf/fsf ;fy pkef]Stf ;ldltn] ;Dk"0f{

pkef]Stfx?nfO{ ;do ;dodf cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]/ ;r]t u/fpg'kb{5 .

h;n] ubf{ pkef]Stfx?df ckgTj af]w x'G5 . ;fd'bflos jgleq cb'jf, a];f/, hl8a'6L

nufP/ cfo cfh{g;d]t ug{ ;lsg] s'/f a'emfpg'kb{5 .

;fd'bflos jg ;+/If0f ;Daw{gdf ;d'bfosf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . hj;Dd ;d'bfo

;r]t x'Fb}g tj;Dd ;fd'bflos jg ;+/If0f x'g ;Sb}g . ;fd'bflos jg tyf jgIf]qn] k[YjLdf

x'g] hnjfo' kl/jt{g, jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f, e"Ifo cflb /f]s]/ jftfj/0f ;Gt'ng sfod u/]sf]

x'G5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M

• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, tkfO{Fn] cfˆgf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf

;fd'bflos jgsf af/]df k|i6 kfg{'xf];\ .

lqmofsnfk M lqmofsnfk M

• efOalxgLx? tkfOn] cleefjssf] ;xof]udf glhs}sf] ;fd'bflos jgaf6 x'g]

kmfObfx? n]Vg'xf];\

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

cEof;

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• v}/xgL gu/kflnsf If]qdf ePsf ;fd'bflos jgx?sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ / tL jg

;+/If0fsf nflu tkfOF{ a;]sf] j8fn] s] s:tf] k|of; u/]sf] 5 ;DalGwt j8fsf

hgk|ltlglwsf] ;xof]udf n]Vg'xf];\ .

!_ tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

-s_ s:tf] jgnfO{ ;fd'bflos jg elgG5 <

-v_ ;fd'bflos jg ;d'bfonfO{ lsg x:tfGt/0f ul/G5 <

-u_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf ;fd'bflos jgsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

-3_ jgdf :yfgLo pkef]Qmf ;ldlt lsg agfOG5 <

-ª_ pkef]Qmfx?nfO{ lsg cled'vLs/0f sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 <

@_ nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ ;fd'bflos jg ;+/If0fsf pkfox? s] s] x'g\ < rrf{ ug'{xf];\ .

v_ æ;fd'bflos jg ;d'bfosf] wgÆ of] egfO{nfO{ k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 61

:yfgLo v]nx?

PsfO–&

• elnan

62 xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

elnan

elnan xftn] annfO{ lxsf{pFb}

b'O{ 6Ldx?aLr v]lng] Ps kl/lrt v]n

xf] . Ps 6Lddf ^ hgf v]nf8L x'g]

ub{5g\ . elnan g]kfnsf] /fli6«o v]n

klg xf]

g]kfndf ;jf{lws nf]slk|o tyf

rlr{t v]nsf ?kdf elnannfO{ lng

;lsG5 . g]kfnn] elnanaf6 cGt/f{li6«o

:t/df km'6an tyf lqms]6 / cGo v]ns'bx?df h:tf] k|ult tyf pRr:t/Lo :yfg xft kfg{

g;s]klg g]kfnL 3/]n' hutdf eg] o;sf] :yfg a]Un} lsl;dsf] /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns

cj:yf cg';f/ h'g;'s} :yfg klg ;xh} v]Ng ;lsg] ePsfn] tyf g]kfn ;/sf/af6} g]kfnsf]

/fli6«o v]nsf] bhf{ k|fKt u/] kl5 of] elnan v]nsf] nf]slk|otf g]kfndf lbg k|ltlbg emg\

a9\bf]qmddf /x]sf] 5 .

elnan xfn g]kfnsf] /fli6«o v]n xf] . g]kfnsf] k|To]s lhNnfx?df of]

v]n v]lng] / of] v]n;Fu ;DalGwt k|ltof]lutfx? cfof]hgf x'g] ePsfn] klg g]kfnsf]

/fli6«o v]nsf ?kdf of] elnan v]nn] ;fy{stf k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . cem g]kfnsf] t/fO{

efudf lqms]6 hlt nf]slk|o /x]sf] 5 kxf8L tyf pRr kxf8L e]udf elnan v]n plQs}

nf]slk|o /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf elnan v]n lj=;= !(() df lelqPsf] kfOG5 . ljb]zaf6 cfPsf g]kfnL

;}lgsx?n] o; v]nnfO{ g]kfndf k|j]z u/fPsf] cg'dfg ul/G5, eg] o;sf] s'g} cflwsfl/s

tYo eg] e]l6b}g t/ clxn];Dd e]l6Psf k|df0fx? dWo] lj=;= !((( lt/ lq–rG› sn]hdf

ljBfyL{x?n] sIffsf] ;d"x agfP/ elnan v]n v]n]sf] clen]v eg] e]l§Psf] 5 . t/

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 63

;}lgsx?n] NofPsf]] v]n sn]hsf 5fq eGbf klxnf ;}lgsx?n] g} v]n]sf] eGg] dt klg

/x]sf] 5 .

lj=;= @))) lt/ k|j]z u/]kl5 elnan v]n sf7df8f} pkTosf aflx/ klg v]lng

yflnof] . To;} qmddf lj=;= @))@ df g]kfn elnan ;+3sf] u7g ul/Psf] lyof], t/ ;+3sf]

:yfkgf eg] lgs} w]/} jif{ kl5 lj=;= @)## df dfq ePsf] lyof] . ;g\ !($* df cGt/f{li6«o

elnan dxf;‹sf] u7g ePsf] lyof] . t/ g]kfnn] eg] ;g\ !(*) df dfq cGt/f{li6«o

elnan dxf;+3af6 ;b:otf jf dfGotf k|fKt u/]sf] lyof] .

lj=;= @)## ;fndf g]kfn elnan ;‹sf] :yfkgf ePsf] klxnf] jif{d} klxnf]k6s

g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o elnan k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuLtf hgfPsf] lyof] . kfls:tfgdf cfof]hgf

ePsf] sfObf] chd df]xDdb cln cGt/f{li6«o elnan k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuLtfdf g]kfnsf]

k|bz{g ;Gtf]if hgs ePtf klg pNn]vgLo eg] x'g ;s]sf] lyof] . g]kfnn] Pl;ofnL v]ns'b,

blIf0f Pl;ofnL v]ns'b tyf cGo ljleGg cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfdf ;xeflutf hgfP klg

Tolt pknlAw xfl;n ug{ eg] ;s]sf] 5}g .

xfn g]kfndf ljutsf t'ngfdf :t/Lo k|ltof]lutfx? cfof]hgf x'Fb} hfg] qmd /x]sf]

5 . k|fo g]kfnsf] ;Dk'0f{ lhNnfx?df elnansf k|ltof]lutfx? cfof]hgf ;~rfng eO/x]sf]

5 . eg] /fli6«o :t/df klg cg]s dlxnf tyf k'¿if elnan k|ltof]lutfx? cfof]hgf x'g]

ub{5g\ . g]kfnsf] klxnf] /fli6«o v]ns'b b]lvg} elnan v]n pQm k|ltof]lutfdf ;dfj]z

ul/Psf] lyof] . xfn ;Dd cfpbf g]kfndf klg elnan v]n k|ltof]lutf lnu tyf bf]xf]/f]

lnu k|0ffnLsf k|ltof]lutfdf ;d]t cfof]hgf x'g yfln;s]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf cfof]hgf x'g] s]xL 7"nf elnan k|ltof]lutfx?

• /fli6«o v]ns'bdf elnan

• /fli6«o lnu elnan

• PgelaP elnan k|ltof]lutf

• g]kfn ban lnu elnan k|ltof]lutf

d}bfgsf] cfsf/

o;sf] d}bfgsf] nDafO{ !* ld6/ Pjd\ rf}8fO{ ( dL6/ x'G5. nDafO{ tkm{ d}bfgnfO{

b'O{ a/fa/ a/fa/ efux?df afFl8G5. tTkZrft\ b'O{ OGr -% ;]+dL=_ df]6f] /]vfn] o; d}bfgsf]

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

;Ldf/]vf agfOG5 . v]nd}bfgsf] rf/} lt/ sDtLdf tLg dL6/ ;Dd / pmrfO{df & ld6/;Dd s'g}

klg lsl;dsf] cj/f]w gePsf] 7fpFdf of] v]n v]Ng ;lsG5 . dWo /]vfsf] ;dfgGt/ b'j} tkm{

ToxfFaf6 tLg dL6/sf] b"/Ldf cfqmfds /]vf sf]l/G5 . d}bfgsf] kl5sf] /]vf eGbf k5fl8lt/

tLg dL6/sf] b"/Ldf, d}bfgsf] aflx/ kl5lt/ Ps /]vf tflgG5 . o;nfO{ ;]jfIf]q -Service

area_ elgG5 .

v]nsf lgodx¿

elnan v]Nbf lgDglnlvt q'l6x?af6 v]nf8Lx? aRg' k5{, cGoyf log} q'l6x?

pgsf] 6Ldsf] nflu xf/sf] sf/0f aGg hfG5 .

• sDd/d'lgsf] s'g} efun] annfO{ 5'g .

• annfO{ xftdf s]xL If0f /f]lsgaf6 arfpg, lsgeg] o;nfO{ xf]lN8+u dflgG5 .

• Ps kN6 eGbf w]/ annfO{ lxsf{Pdf l8«aln+u x'g] eo /xG5 .

• tLg eGbf a9L kN6 annfO{ Pp6} 6Ldsf v]nf8L åf/f xfGg' nfO{ uNtL dflgG5 .

• b'O{ JolQmx?n] Ps ;fy annfO{ lxsf{pg' / To;af6 cfjfh cfpg'nfO{ 8an kmfpn

elgG5 .

• Ans ubf{v]/L hfnL -g]6_nfO{ s'g}klg cËn] 5'g', of ljkIfL v]nf8LnfO{ 5'g', of

dWo/]vf kf/ u/]/ ljkIfL If]qdf hfg' cflb q'l6df kb{5 .

• an ;Ldf/]vf eGbf aflx/ v:g' .

• olb an hfnLsf] tnsf] lsgf/faf6 leq cfpF5 eg]+ To;nfO{ kmn dflgG5 .

• ;le{; If]qaf6 ;le{; gug{' of ;le{; ubf{ v]/L kl5Nnf] ;Ldf/]vf 5'g', of kf/ ug{', of

l7s 9+u;Fu ;le{; gug{', of] ;a} q'l6 x'G5 .

• cfˆgf] 6Ldsf] ;le{;sf] an csf]{ 6Ldsf] uNtLn] v;]kl5 cyjf lau|]kl5 dfq

KjfOG6 kfOG5 . olb cfˆgf] ;le{;sf] kfnfdf cfˆgf] uNtL ePdf ;le{; ug]{ kfnf]

cfsf]{ 6Lddf hfG5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M

• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ elnan v]nsf lgodx?sf af/]df

atfOlbg'xf];\ / v]n v]nfpg'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 65

cEof;

!= l7s a]l7s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .

-s_ elnan xfn g]kfnsf] /fli6«o v]n xf] .

-v_ g]kfndf elnan v]n lj=;= !(^) ;fndf lelqPsf] kfOG5 .

-u_ lj=;+= @)## ;fndf g]kfn elnan ;+3sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] .

-3_ cfˆgf] 6Ldsf] ;le{;sf] an csf]{ 6Ldsf] uNtLn] v;]kl5 cyjf lau|]kl5 dfq KjfOG6

kfOG5 .

-ª_ d}bfgsf] nDafO{ @$ ld6/ Pj+ rf}8fO{ ( ld6/ x'G5 .

-r_ Ps k6s eGbf w]/} k6s annfO{ lxsf{Pdf 8aln+u x'g] x'G5 .

@== tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

-s_ g]kfndf elnan v]n slxn]b]lv lelqPsf] kfOG5 <

-v_ g]kfnsf] cGt/f{li6«o k|ltof]lutfdf elnan v]ndf s:tf] pknlAw /x]sf] 5 <

-u_ g]kfndf cfof]hgf x'g] 7"nf elnan k|ltof]lutfx? s] s] x'g <

-3_ elnan v]nsf] nflu d}bfgsf] cfsf/ s:tf] x'g'kb{5 <

-ª_ elnan v]nsf] lgodx? pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M

• elnan v]nsf lgodx?sf af/]df hfGg'xf];\ / ;fyLx? ldn]/ elnan v]n

v]Ng'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

;8s ;'/Iff / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

PsfO–*

• ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!% ljkb\ Joj:yfkg

ljkb\\ eg]sf] cs:dft\ cfOkg]{ sl7gfO jf ;d:of xf] . k|fs[lts jf ck|fs[lts ?kdf

l;lh{t ;ª\s6sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljkb\\ elgG5 . s'g} :yfgdf cfkt\sfnLg cj:yf l;h{gf eO{

hg jf wgsf] Ifltsf] ;fy} hLjgofkg / jftfj/0fdf k|lts"n c;/ kg{' g} ljkb\\ xf] . ljkb\

h'g;'s} :j?k, k|sf/ / cj:yfsf] eP klg dfgj, hLjhGt' / jftfj/0fsf nflu clk|o g}

x'G5 . elgG5 …ljkb\\ afhf ahfP/ cfpFb}gÚ cyf{t\ ljkb\\ k"j{ ;"rgf ljgf g} cfpF5 . ljgf

;"rgf cfpg] cK7\of/f] cj:yf jf kl/l:ylt g} ljkb\\ xf], h'g dfgjLo tyf k|fs[lts sf/0fn]

pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . ljkb\\n] dfgjLo / ef}lts Iflt ub{5 .

;fwf/0ftofM ljkb\\ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ – k|fs[lts / u}/ k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo ljkb\\ .

k|fs[lts ljkb\\ eg]sf] k|s[ltn] l;h{gf ug]{ ljleGg xflgsf/s lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ a'lemG5 .

e"sDk, xfjfx'/L, ;'gfdL, r6\ofª, af9L, klx/f], e"Ifo, 8'afg, v8]/L, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6, cltj[li6,

cgfj[li6, cl;gf, lxdklx/f], zLtnx/, cfFwLx'/L, Hjfnfd'vL la:kmf]6 cflb k|fs[lts ljkb\\

x'g\ . dfgjLo jf u}/k|fs[lts ljkb\\ eGgfn] dxfdf/L, clgsfn, 89]nf], sL6 jf ;"Id hLjf0f'

cftÍ, kz' tyf r/fr'?ËLdf x'g] ˆn", KofG8flds ˆn", ;k{b+z, hgfj/ cftÍ, vfgL, xjfO{,

;8s, hn jf cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf, cfunfuL, ljiffQm UofF;, /;fog jf ljls/0f r'xfj6, UofF;

ljikmf]6g, ljiffQm vfB ;]jg cflbnfO{ a'lemG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

ljkb\\ hf]lvd Go'lgs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g, @)&$ cg';f/ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg eGgfn]

ljkb\\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f, ljkb\\ k|ltsfo{ / ljkb\\ k'gnf{e;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk'0f{ lqmofsnfk

;Demg'k5{ . ljkb\\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f eg]sf] ljkb\\ k"j{ ul/g] hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f tyf d"Nofs+g,

ljkb\\ /f]syfd jf ljkb\\af6 x'g] Ifltsf] Go'gLs/0f tyf ljsf;sf sfo{df ljkb\ hf]lvdnfO{

sd ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{ xf] . ljkb\ k|ltsfo{ eg]sf] ljkb\ cfO;s]kl5 tTsfn} ul/g] vf]h,

p4f/ Pj+ /fxt ;DalGw sfo{ xf] eg] ljkb\ k'g{nfe eGgfn] ljkb\\sf] 36gf 3l6;s]kl5 ul/g]

k'glgdf{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ xf] . o;/L ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ljkbhGo cj:yfsf]

k'jf{g'dfgb]lv k'gM:yf{kgf ;Ddsf lqmofsnfksf] ;~of]hg xf] .

ljkb\\ k|fs[lts jf dfgj lgld{t sf/0fn] l;h{gf x'g] Pp6f uDeL/ Jojwfg xf] . ljkb\\

Go'gLs/0f, k|ltsfo{ / k'g{nfe ;Ddsf ;du| sfo{x?nfO{ ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg elgG5 . g]kfndf

aif]{lg ljkb\af6 7"nf] wghgsf] Iflt x'g] u/]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf pNn]lvt sfg'gL Pj+

lgltut, ;+:yfut tyf sfo{qmdut kIfx?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog dfkm{t ljkb\ cfpg} glbg]

u/L sfo{ ug{' /fli6«o r'gf}tLsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu ;+3Lo, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo

;/sf/, gful/s ;dfh, ;d'bfo, lghL If]q ;a}sf] ;fy{s ;xeflutf Pj++ ;xof]u cfjZos 5 .

ljkb\\sf] k"j{ cj:yf, cfktsfnLg ;do / k'gM:yfkgf Pj+ k|anLs/0fsf] ;do u/L

tLg r/0fdf x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . ljkb\\ g} gcfpg] cj:yf l;h{gf ug]{ / ljkßf ;'/lIft x'g hfu/0f

Nofpg] sfd ljkb\\ Joj:yfkgsf] klxnf] sfd xf] . ljkb\\ hf]lvd cj:yfsf] k"j{cfFsng u/L

;+efljt If]qdf ;ts{tf ckgfpg lzIff / ;r]tgfsf] lqmofsnfkdf hf]8 lbg cfjZos 5 .

bf];|f], ljkb\\sf] xf]l;of/L / ;ts{ x'Fbfx'Fb} cfpg] cfkTsfnLg cj:yfsf] Joj:yfkg

ug{ ;du| zf;g k|0ffnL / gful/s p4f/sf] k|oTgdf h'6\g'k5{ . dfgjLo Iflt sd ug{ p4f/sf]

sfo{df ;lqmo x'g, 3fOt]sf] :jf:Yo pkrf/, hf]lvddf k/]sf dflg;sf] ;'/lIft :yfgdf

:yfgfGt/0f, clt cfjZos ;'ljwfsf] Joj:yfkg / :jf:Yo k|sf]k x'g glbg] ljifodf ;fd"lxs

k|oTg u/L dfgjLo kL8fsf] Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

t];|f], cfktdf k/]sf dflg;sf] k'g:yf{kg ug{ of]hgfut /0fgLlt;lxtsf] k|anLs/0fsf

sfo{df nfUg'k5{ . 3/jf/laxLgsf nflu cfjf; Joj:yf, cfocfh{g / /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/,

afnaflnsfsf] ;+/If0f / lzIffsf] kx'Fr / czQm gful/ssf] ;+/If0f Pj+ cfly{s / ;dflhs

k|lqmofsf] qmdzM ;anLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg'kg]{ x'G5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 69

ljkb\\ hf]lvdsf] cfkTsfnLg ;donfO{ >]0fLs/0f ubf{ ;fdfGo, ;+j]bgzLn /

;+s6k"0f{sf] cj:yfdf x]g{'kg]{ x'G5 . hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf] pko'Qm of]hgf / /0fgLlt geP

;fdfGoaf6 ;+j]bgzLn x'Fb} ;+s6k"0f{ cj:yf;Ddsf] l:ylt ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] l:ylt

gcfcf];\ eGg]tkm{ /0fgLlt;lxt /fd|f] tof/L x'g}k5{ . hf]lvdsf :yfgx? klxrfg u/L tL

If]qsf] nut /fVg], hf]lvd b]lvP ;'/lIft :yfgdf dflg;nfO{ ;fg]{ / ljkb\\ hf]lvd sd ug{

lgu/fgL a9fpg] tyf To; If]qsf gful/snfO{ x'g ;Sg] ;Defljt hf]lvdsf] ;"rgf lg/Gt/

lbg' ;fdfGo cj:yfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .

ljkb\\ hf]lvd k|ltsfo{sf nflu ;j{k|yd gful/s hfu/0f u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5 . gful/snfO{

e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], xfjf x'/L, r6\ofª, :jf:Yo k|sf]k / cfunfuLaf6 x'g] vt/f / To;af6

x'g] hf]lvdsf] cj:yf x]/L Joj:yfkg ug{ gful/snfO{ ;ts{ / ;Ifd agfpg ljkb\\ hf]lvd

Go"gLs/0f / Joj:yfkgsf tflnd ;~rfng u/L hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg'kb{5 .

ljkb\\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f ug{ txut ;/sf/sf] ;~hfnnfO{ ;lqmo agfpg cfjZos

5 . ljkb\ lj?4 :yfgLo ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] pkof]u ug]{ / :yfgLo txsf cfjZos ;+oGqnfO{

lqmofzLn agfpg hf]8 lbg'k5{ . lhNnf / :yfgLo ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt ;lqmo eO{

hf]lvdnfO{ Go"gLs/0f u/L ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf cfpg lbg' x'Fb}g .

ljkb\\df wghgsf] Iflt / dfgjLo ;+j]bgzLntf a9\b} uPdf ljkb\\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fsf

cfkTsfnLg of]hgf / /0fgLltnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{, hf]lvdsf] :yfgnfO{ /]vf+sg ug]{, ;f]

:yfgdf /x]sf] wghgsf] ;'/lIft :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f u/L dflg;nfO{ clt cfjZos ;'ljwf

pknAw u/fpg] / ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfsf] ;ts{tfsf nflu k|efljt cfdgful/snfO{ ;"rgf

k|jfx ug]{ Pj+ ;+j]bgzLn l:yltsf] ufDeLo{tfnfO{ txut ;/sf/aLr lg/Gt/ ;"rgf k|jfx ug]{

h:tf sfddf lhNnf / :yfgLo ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg ;ldltn] k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'kb{5 .

ljkb\\ hf]lvdsf If]qx?sf] cj:yf / l:yltaf/] lg/Gt/ ;"rgf ;ª\sng u/L tL

If]qsf] lg/Gt/ lgu/fgL a9fpg'kb{5 . ljkb\\af6 x'g] tgfj Go"gLs/0f ug{ dgf]k/fdz{sf] pkof]u

ug]{, ljkb\\kl5 x'g] ;+j]bgzLn cj:yf Go"gLs/0f ug{ cfd;+oGq kl/rfng ug]{ / cfjZostf

cfsng u/L yk ;xof]usf] cfjZostfsf nflu txut ;/sf/x?n] cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L jf]w

ug{'kg]{ / gful/s d~r, cleoGtf, u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / :jo+;]jsx?nfO{ ;lqmo ?kdf kl/rfng

ug{'kb{5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

ljkb\\sf] ;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf ;'/Iff lgsfox?sf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf

;dGjofTds tl/sfn] p4f/ / hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf sfd ug{' / u/fpg'kg]{ x'G5. e"sDk, af9L

/ klx/f], xfjf x'/L, r6\ofª, b'3{6gf / cfunfuLaf6 k|efljtx?sf] l:ylt x]/L 3fOt]x?nfO{

k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg] czQm ePsfnfO{ rfF8f] ;'ljwf ;DkGg

c:ktfndf nfg] Joj:yf ldnfpg'kb{5 . ;+s6k"0f{ cj:yf cfpg glbg ljZj ;fem]bf/Lsf]

pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 .

k|fs[lts ljkb\\k|lt xf]l;of/L / hg;r]tgf, ljkb\\ hf]lvd rqmsf] 1fg, ;+/rgfut

/0fgLlt;lxt tof/L u/L ;a}sf] ;lqmotfaf6 hf]lvd Go"gLs/0fdf hf]8 lbg cfjZos 5 .

dfgjLo ljkb\df hf]lvd sd ug{ d'VotM k"jf{wf/sf ;+/rgf dfgjd}qL agfpg], jftfj/0f

;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbg], k|fs[lts rqmdf cj/f]w gug]{, cfgLafgLdf ;'wf/, k|fljlws 1fgsf]

dfkb08sf] kfngf / k|s[lt k|]ddf hf]8 lbg], hnjfo' kl/j{tgaf6 x'g] ljkb\\ hf]lvd sd ug{

cfgLafgLdf ;'wf/ ug{'k5{ .

ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg l;k / sf}znsf] k'gd{"Nof+sg u/L cfpg] lbgdf s;/L ;'/lIft x'g]

eGg] ljifodf hfu?s x'g'k5{ . cGoyf xfdL km]l/ k5'tfpg'kg]{ / wghgsf] Ifltsf w]/} ;dfrf/

;'Gg'kg]{ x'g ;S5 . ;dod} ljkb\\af6 ;ts{ x'g ljkb\\ lj?4sf ;"rgf k|jfx u/L gful/snfO{

;r]t kfg{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

:yfgLo ;fwg, ;|f]t / l;ksf] k|of]uaf6 ljkb\\sf ;dodf p4f/, /fxt / k'g:yf{kgf

ug{sf nflu :yfgLo ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/

;~rfng P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !! df gu/kflnsfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/cGtu{t\ ljkb\\

Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{x? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljkb\\ hf]lvdGo"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg P]g

@)&$ sf] bkmf !& cg';f/ k|To]s :yfgLo txn] gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf a9Ldf

kGw| ;b:o /xg] u/L :yfgLo ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . v}/xgLdf

klg gu/k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt /x]sf] 5, h;n] ljkb\\sf k"j{sf]

tof/L, ljkb\\kl5sf] p4f/ / k'g:yf{kgfsf sfo{x? ub{} cfPsf] 5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 71

!= tnsf jfSox¿ l7s eP l7s lrXg -_ / a]l7s eP a]l7s lrXg -_ lbg'xf];\M

-s_ ljkb\\ eg]sf] cs:dft\ cfOkg]{ sl7gfO jf ;d:of xf] .

-v_ ljkb\\n] dfgjLo / ef}lts Iflt ub{}g .

-u_ elgG5, …ljkb\\ afhf ahfP/ cfpF5 .Ú

-3_ ;dod} ljkb\\af6 ;ts{ x'g ljkb\\ lj?4sf ;"rgf k|jfx u/L gful/snfO{ ;r]t kfg{'

cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .

-ª_ v}/xgLdf klg gu/k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt /x]sf] 5 .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ ljkb\\ eg]sf] s] xf] <

-v_ ljkb\\ slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ <

-u_ ljkb\\af6 aRg s] ug'{kb{5 <

-3_ ljkb\\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu n] s] kxn u/]sf] 5 <

cEof;

ljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk MljBfyL{ lqmofsnfk M

• v]tdf sfd ul//x]sf a]nfdf PSsfl; df};d v/fa eP/ cfsfz uh{g yfNof] eg]

tkfO{F s] ug'{x'G5 < sIffdf 5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

• cfˆgf] l5d]sdf k/]sf] s'g} ljkb\\sf af/]df sIffdf j0f{g ug'{xf];\ .

lzIf0f ;'emfjM lzIf0f ;'emfjM

• ljBfno ljkb\\ k"j{ tof/L sfo{of]hgf lgdf{0f u/L ljBfyL{nfO{ hfgsf/L

u/fpg'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• ljkb\\ Go"gLs/0fdf gu/kflnsfsf] e"ldsf ljifodf sIffdf jSt[Tsnf

sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug'{xf];\ .

$= tnsf] lrq x]/L lzIfssf] ;xfotfdf ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 73

;x/L ljsf;, k|b"if0f tyf

kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg

PsfO–(

• ;/;kmfO

• :df6{ l;6L

• zx/L ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/

74 xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!^ ;/;kmfO

cfh cfefifsf] ufpFdf /x]sf]

rf}tf/Ldf ufpFdf /x]sf k|fo ;a} dflg;x?

xftdf s'6f], sf]bfnf], xFl;of, a]Nrf

cflb cf}hf/x? lnP/ e]nf ePsf 5g\ .

cfh zlgjf/ ePsfn] cfefif / pgsf

;fyLx? klg rf}tf/Ldf uP . cfefifn]

cfˆgf] afafnfO{ dflg;x? e]nf x'gfsf]

sf/0f ;f]w] . afafn] cfh xfd|f] ufpFdf

/x]sf af6f], wf/f, s'jf, dlGb/, ;8s /

ufpF6f]ndf ;a} ldn]/ ;kmf ug]{ of]hgf ePsfn] ufpFsf dflg;x? e]nf ePsf x'g eGg'eof] .

ufpFn]n] cfh vfg]kfgL ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f / ufpFel/sf 3/af6 lgl:sg] kmf]xf]/ kfgLnfO{ plrt

7fpFdf Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfd ;d]t /x]sf] atfpg' eof] . xfdLn] ;do–;dodf ;/;kmfOsf

sfdx? ub{5f}+ . ufpFdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?nfO{ ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL hgr]tgf k}mnfpg] sfd

klg xfdLn] ug{'kb{5 . xfd|f] ;d'bfodf /x]sf gbL, vf]nf, s'jf, kf]v/L, wf/f cflbsf] ;kmfO{ /

;+/If0f ;a} ldn]/ ug{'kb{5 . ;a} ldn]/ u/]sf o:tf vfnsf sfdx? ;fd'bflos ;/;kmfO;Fu

;DalGwt 5g\ pxfFn] eGg'eof] . clg s]xL ;do kl5 dflg;x? e]nf ePsf] rf}tf/Laf6 g}

;/;kmfO ;'? ug{ yfn] . cfefif / pgsf ;fyLx? klg v'zL / /dfOnf] dfGb} ufpF6f]n ;kmf

ug{ ;xof]u u/] .

cfˆgf] 3/, l5d]s, 6f]n, ufpF / xfd|f] j/k/sf] jftfj/0fnfO{ ;kmf, ;'Gb/ / /fd|f]

agfpgsf nflu ul/g] ;fd"lxs k|of; g} ;fd'bflos ;/;kmfO xf] . ;d'bfodf ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL

hgr]tgf k}mnfpg], 3/, cfFug, rf]s, af6f] / ;8ssf] ;/;kmfO ug]{, kmf]xf]/d}nf / 3/x?af6

lgl:sg] kmf]xf]/kfgLsf] plrt 7fpFdf Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfd ;fd'bflos ;/;kmfOdf kb{5 . xfdLn]

k|of]u ug]{ vfg]kfgLnfO{ ;'/lIft tyf ;kmf /fVg] / kfgLsf ;|f]tx?sf] ;+/If0f ug]{ sfdx? klg

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 75

;fd'bflos ;/;kmfO cGtu{t kb{5g\ . s[lif, ahf/, ufpF, :jf:Yo ;+:yfx?, ljBfno, d7–

dlGb/x? cflb ;fd'bflos ;+:yf x'g\ . o:tf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx?sf] ;/;kmfO eof] eg] xfd|f]

:jf:Yo klg /fd|f] x'G5 . ;fd'bflos ;/;kmfOn] xfdLnfO{ :j:y hLjgz}nL / jftfj/0f /fd|f]

/fVgsf nflu hfu?s / lhDd]jf/ agfpF5 .

ljBfno ;/;kmfO

xfdL ^ 306fsf] ;do ljBfnodf x'G5f}+ . ljBfno ;kmf ePg eg] xfdLnfO{ ;/;kmfOsf]

sdLsf sf/0f nfUg] /f]ux? nfU5 / xfdL ljBfno ;d]t lgoldt hfg ;Sb}gf}+ . olb xfdLn]

kmf]xf]/ u/]gf}+ eg] ;kmf klg ug{'kb}{g . xfdLn] kmf]xf]/ pTkfbgnfO{ sd ug]{, ljBfno ejgsf] leQfdf

hyfefjL gs]g]{, zf}rfnosf] k|of]u u/]kl5 k|z:t kfgL xfNg], cfˆgf] sIffsf]7fdf 8:6jLg /

s'rf] /fv]/ kmf]xf]/ ;+sng ug]{ ug{'kb{5 . xfdLn] ljBfnosf] /]lnË, kvf{n cflbdf tf]8kmf]8

ug{' xF'b}g, xfdLn] ljBfno hfFbf / kms{bf ljBfno a;sf] em\ofnaf6 kmf]xf]/ ˆofFSg' x'Fb}g .

/ c?nfO{ klg o;f] gug{ eg]/ l;sfpg'kb{5 . ljBfnosf] s/];faf/L, au}+rf, v]n d}bfg

nufotsf 7fpFdf hyfefjL y'Sg] / kmf]xf]/ ˆofFSg] sfd ug{'x'Fb}g . xfdLn] xfd|f] ljBfnonfO{

c?sf] eGbf /fd|f] / ;kmf /fVg'kb{5 . ljBfnodf jftfj/0f :j:y / ;kmf 5 eg] dfq

ljBfyL{nfO{ l;sfOdf ;s/fTds k|efj kb{5 .

v}/xgLsf] ;/;kmfO s]Gb|

efOalxgL xf] Û v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf nflu 8f]/ 6' 8f]/ k|lj|mof

cjnDag u/]sf] 5 . o; gu/kflnsfdf xfn;Dd ! lbgdf s/La % 6g kmf]xf]/ pTkfbg x'G5 .

To;dWo] gu/kflnsfn] s/La # 6g;Dd kmf]xf]/ p7fpg] u/]sf] 5 . o; gu/kflnsfsf] j8f g+=

^ / * df s'lxg] kmf]xf]/ / gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/ jufL{s/0f u/L ;+sng x'G5 . cGo j8fdf eg] ;+sng

u/]kl5 dfq juL{s/0f x'G5 . o; gu/kflnsfn] ahf/ If]q j8f g+= ^ / * df s'lxg] kmf]xf]/

/ gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/ juL{s/0f u/L ;+sng ug{sf nflu 5'§f5'§} 8:6lagsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .

v}/xgL gu/kflnsf kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{df pbfx/0fLo sfo{ ug{] :yfgLo tx xf] .

lghL If]qsf] ;d]t ;xeflutfdf kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgaf6 df]xf]/ cyjf /fh:j ;+sng ul//x]sf]

5 . ;/;kmfO k|jb{\wg tyf h}ljs dn pTkfbg s]G› ;~rfngsf nflu gu/kflnsfn] 5'§}

OsfO{ :yfkgf u/L cfjZos hgzlQm / pks/0fsf] Joj:yfkg u/]sf] 5 . qmdzM ;x/Ls/0fsf]

;'?sf] r/0fdf /x]sf] v}/xgLdf clxn]b]lv kmf]x/d}nf Joj:yfkg yflnPsfn] of] sfo{n]

eljiodf x'g;Sg] ;DefJo ;d:ofnfO{ sd ug]{df ljZjf; ul/Psf] 5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!= kf7sf] cfwf/df vfnL 7fpFdf pko'Qm zAb n]Vg'xf];\ .

-s_ cfefif / pgsf ;fyLx? klg ================== uP .

-v_ xfdLn] ;do–;dodf ================== sfdx? ub{5f}+ .

-u_ ;a} ldn]/ u/]sf o:tf vfnsf sfdx? ================== ;/;kmfO;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ .

-3_ ;d'bfodf ;/;kmfO ;DaGwL ================== k}mnfpg] sfd ug{'kb{5 .

@= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

-s_ rf}tf/Ldf dflg;x? lsg e]nf ePsf x'g\ < n]Vg'xf];\ .

-v_ ;fd'bflos ;/;kmfO eg]sf] s] xf] <

-u_ ;fd'bflos ;/;kmfO cGtu{t s]–s] kb{5g\ < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .

-3_ xfdLn] ljBfno a;sf] em\ofnaf6 kmf]xf]/ lsg kmfNg' x'Fb}g <

#= v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg s]Gb|sf] :ynut cWoog u/L

gu/kflnsfn] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgsf] If]qdf u/]sf] pbfx/0fLo sfo{nfO{ ;d]6L ;fyLnfO{

lr7L n]Vg'xf];\ .

lqmofsnfk M lqmofsnfk M

• tkfO{+ cfˆgf] 3/df kmf]xf]/d}nf Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{'x'G5 < n]v]/ sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\ .

• tkfO{+sf] ljBfnoaf6 lg:sg] s'lxg] / gs'lxg] kmf]xf]/x?sf] 5'§f5'§} ;"rL tof/

kfg{'xf];\ .

cEof;

lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M

• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{nfO{ tkfO{+ cfˆgf] ;+nUgtfdf ljBfnosf] xftfleq ;/;kmfO

ug{ l;sfpg'xf];\ .

kl/of]hgf sfo{ M

• lzIfssf] pkl:yltdf cfˆgf] ljBfnodf /x]sf] s/];faf/L jf au}+rfsf]

;/;kmfO ug{'xf];\ clg ;fa'g kfgLn] xft / v'§f /fd|f];Fu w'g'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

cToflws l8lh6n k|ljlwsf]

pkof]u u/]/ jftfj/0f d}qL ;'ljwf

;DkGg hLjg:t/sf] ljsf; ul/Psf]

;x/nfO{ :df6{ l;6L elgG5 . o;sf

nflu gu/sf] cy{tGq, k|Zff;g,

oftfoft, jftfj/0f cflb klg :df6{

agfOPsf] x'G5 . ljsf; lgdf0f{sf

x/]s If]qdf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . ;x/ cTofw'lgs t/ jftfj/0f d}qL x'g] ub{5 . v}/xgL

gu/kflnsfnfO{ klg ;'Gb/ :df6{ l;6L agfpg] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . :df6{ l;6Lsf] ljz]if

dfkb08 gtf]lsP klg k|ljlwo'Qm ;x/ x'g h?/L 5 .

:df6{ l;6Ldf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ ckgfOPsf :df6{ pBf]u / sn sf/vfgfx?

:yfkgf ul/Psf] x'G5 . gful/ssf] hLjgz}nL / r]tgf pRr :t/sf] x'g cfjZos 5 . v}/xgL

gu/kflnsf ljsf;sf] ultdf cl3 a9\b} u/]sf] gu/ xf] . xfdLn] xfd|f] gu/nfO{ cem /fd|f]

agfpg k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L Jojl:yt agfpg' kb{5 . gu/df l;;Ll6eL, OG6/g]6, dgf]/~hg

:ynx?, oftfoft, l8;Kn] af]8{, Olahg];, ;fj{hlgs :yndf jfOkmfOsf] ;'ljwf, :yfgLo

Pkm=Pdaf6 ;"rgf k|;f/0f Joj:yf cflbnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ yflnPsf] 5 .

efOalxgLx? Û :df6{ l;6L lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu s]xL cTofjZos k"jf{wf/x? af/]

5nkmn u/fF} x} t Û

!= :df6{ cy{tGq M

:df6{ l;6Lsf nflu :df6{ cy{tGq cfjZos kb{5 . :df6{ cy{tGq cjwf/0ff :df6{

l;6L l8hfOg / ljsf;df , ;x/sf] cfly{s ljsf; tyf /0fgLlts of]hgf agfpg Jofks

!& :df6{ l;6L

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

k|of]u ul/G5 . :df6{ cy{tGq k/Dk/fut cy{ Joj:yfeGbf km/s x'G5 . lsgls :df6{ l;6Lsf

nflu pBf]u / snsf/vfgfx?sf] :yfkgfdf ;"rgf tyf k|ljlwsf] e/k'/ k|of]u ul/Psf] x'G5 .

:df6{ l;6L lgdf{0fsf nflu :df6{ cy{tGqn] Psbd 7"nf] e"ldsf /fV5 . :df6{ l;6Lsf

nflu cy{ Joj:yfnfO{ k|ljlwd}qL agfOG5 . hxfF xfdLn] l8lh6n e'QmfgL ug{ ;S5f}F .

:df6{ cy{tGqdf j:t'x? pTkfbg ug]{ tyf laqmLljt/0f ug]{ tl/sfdf klg km/s x'G5 . o;df

k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/]/ pRr u'0f:t/Lo j:t' pTkfbg tyf laqmLljt/0f ul/G5 . cyf{t\, So'cf/

sf]8 k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L ;]nkmf]gaf6 ;fdfg :Sofg ug{ ;lsG5 . :df6{ cy{tGqdf l8lh6n

k|ljlwaf6 ;/n / ;xh ;]jfx? gful/snfO{ k|bfg ul/G5 . o;sf ;fy} gful/sx?df ;d]t

pBdzLntfsf] efjgf ljsf; ug{ :df6{ cy{tGqn] pT;fx k|bfg ub{5 . v}/xgL gu/ klg

:df6{ cy{tGqsf] af6f]df cu|;/ e}/x]sf] 5 . o;sf nflu xfdL ;a}n] cfkm"nfO{ klg :df6{

agfpg' kb{5 .

@= :df6{ k|zf;gM

b"/;~rf/, :jf:Yo ;]jf, lzIff, 9'jfgL, ;'/Iff tyf lzIffnufotsf ;Dk"0f{ If]qx?

cfOl;6Ldf lge{/ 5g\ . ;dfhsf oL If]qx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu

:df6{ zf;g / k|zf;gsf] cfjZostf k5{ . OG6/g]6 tyf l8lh6n 6]Sgf]nf]hLn] ;/sf/sf

sfdnfO{ r':t b'?:t / l56f] 5l/tf] agfpF5 . hgtfn] ;/sf/L sfddf ;xh dx;'; ug{

;S5g\ . ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw dfgj hLjgsf] cleGg cË alg;s]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6 /

l8lh6n 6]Sgf]nf]hLlagf cfw'lgs hLjgz}nL sNkgf ug{ klg ;lsFb}g . :yfgLo ;/sf/n]

k"/} gu/df k|efjsf/L x'g] u/L gLltlgod nfu" ug{ ;S5 . gu/df :df6{ k|zf;g agfpg km/s

l8kf6{d]G6 tyf ;]S6/x?sf] cfZostf kb{5 . To;sf nflu ;xL ;dodf ;xL 8f6fx?, ;"rgf

tyf gofF ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx? nfu" ug{ ;/sf/L clwsfl/x?nfO{ :df6{ l;:6dsf 6'N;x?df

cAan agfpg'kb{5 .

v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf kf/bzL{ k|zf;g, lg0f{o k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutf, l56f] /

k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx cflbn] :df6{ l;6L lgdf{0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb}

u/]sf] kfOG5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 79

#= :df6{ oftfoft ;]jf

oftfoftdf 6«flkms k|jfx ;/n agfpg'kb{5 . ;8sdf eL8 sd ug]{ sfd :df6{

oftfoft ;]jf cGtu{t kb{5 . gu/df k|b"if0f 36fpg', hS;g glhs a;x?nfO{ k|fyldstf

lbg' tyf oftfoft k|jfxsf nflu nfO6x?sf] Joj:yf;d]t ug'{ :df6{ oftfoft ;]jf xf] . log}

s'/fx?sf] /fd|f] Joj:yfkg x'g ;s]df :df6{ l;6L lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . :df6{ oftfoft ;]jfn]

gu/jf;Lx?nfO{ ;:tf], l56f], ;'/lIft, / e/kbf{] ;jf/L;fwgsf] 5gf]6 u/]/ ofqf ug]{ ;'ljwf k|bfg

ub{5 . gu/sf ;8s ;~hfn / ;jf/L ;fwgx?df ;]G;/, hLkLP; / cGo :jrflnt oGqx?

h8fg u/]/ ljleGg ;"rgfx? ;+sng ul/G5 . h;n] ubf{ ofqfnfO{ cem a9L ;xh agfpF5 .

7fpF7fpFdf 6«flkms lrGxx?sf] k|of]u u/L l;;Ll6eL h8fg ug'{kb{5 . ;fy} gu/df cfjthfjt

ug{ ;'/lIft ;fOsn n]g / k}bn ofq'x?nfO{ oy]i6 km'6kfysf] Joj:yf ul/]Psf] x'G5 .

$= :df6{ gful/sM

lzlIft, ;r]t, l;h{gzLn, :jfanDaL tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L hLjgz}nL ;xh

agfPsf ;a} gful/snfO{ :df6{ gful/s elgG5 . :df6{ l;6L lgdf{0fsf nflu gful/sx? :df6{

x'g' cfjZos 5 . :df6{ l;6Lsf nflu gful/sx?sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf Ps dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo xf] .

z}lIfs of]Uotfsf ;fy} oxfFsf gful/sx?sf] ;fdflhs ;]jfdf ;xeflutf, l;h{gzLntf,

;f]r, kl/jt{gnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ ;Sg] u'0f h:tf Ifdtfx?n] ;x/ slt :df6{ 5 eGg] dfkgdf

;xof]u k'of{pF5 . …:df6{ l;l6hg :df6{ l;6Lsf] ld// xf] .Ú hxfFsf hgtf jftfj/0fLo k|b'if0f

x6fpg cfkm} ;r]t x'G5g\ . gofF gofF k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L hLjgz}nL ;xh agfPsf x'G5g\ .

6]Sgf]nf]hLsf] k|of]u u/L gful/ssf] hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ a9fpg ;lsG5 . :df6{ l;6Lsf w]/}

of]hgfx? 6]Sgf]nf]hLsf] cfwf/df tof/ ul/G5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsf klg w/ftnLo lx;fan]

;'ud gu/ xf] . oxfFsf gul/s k|ljlw;Fu glhs 5g\ . To;}n] klg v}/xgLnfO{ :df6{ l;6Lsf

?kdf ljsf; ug{ ;lsg] ;+efjgf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

%= :df6{ jftfj/0fM

k|b'if0f/lxt :jR5 / ;kmf jftfj/0f g} :df6{ jftfj/0f xf] . :df6{ l;6L lgdf{0fsf nflu

jftfj/0f klg d'Vo ljifo xf] . jftfj/0fdf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{gn] ;x/ tyf ;x/jf;Lx?nfO{

c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf] x'G5 . gu/af;Lsf] :j:y hLjgsf nflu kfgL tyf xfjfsf] z'l4s/0f / Wjlg

k|b"if0fsf] lgoGq0fsf nflu yk r'gf}tLx? cfOk5{g\ . :df6{ l;6Ldf o:tf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

u/L :df6{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu :df6{ of]hgf cfjZostf kb{5 . :df6{ jftfj/0fsf] d'Vo

p2]Zo ;x/jf;Lx?nfO{ jftfj/0faf6 ;Gt'i6 agfpg' xf] . :df6{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu

k|b"if0fnfO{ sd / kof{j/0f ;+/If0f ug{sf] lglDt plrt gLlt / of]hgf cfjZos x'G5 . k|fs[lts

;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / pmhf{ / cGo ;|f]tx?sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg ul/g'kb{5 .

gu/nfO{ jftfj/0fd}qL agfpg sfa{g sd pT;h{g ug]{ ;+;fwgsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

;f}o{ pmhf{, xfjfaf6 pTkflbt pmhf{, afof]Uof;h:tf xl/t pmhf{x?sf] pTkfbg / k|efjsf/L

ljt/0f ul/g'kb{5 . To;}n] :df6{ jftfj/0f lgdf{0fsf nflu ljleGg k|sf/sf 6]Sgf]nf]hL

jfo/n]; sDo'lgs];g, sDKo'6/ g]6jls{ª ck/]l6ª l;:6d cflbsf] k|of]u ul/g'kb{5 . gu/df

j}1flgs tl/sfn] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg ul/g'kb{5 . gu/df hn, hldg, Wjlg tyf jfo' k|b"if0f

sd ug'{kb{5 . a[Iff/f]k0f u/]/ xl/t gu/ agfpg'kb{5 .

xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] klg :df6{ l;6Lsf] cjwf/0fnfO{ k5\ofpb} cufl8 a9]sf]

5 . ljB't , vfg]kfgL, b"/;~rf/, 3/hUuf s/ nufotsf ;/sf/af6 gful/sn] lng] ;]jf

jfktsf z'Ns ltg{ hgtfnfO{ ;xh agfpg sfof{nox?df Psåf/ k|0fnL cgnfOg k]d]G6sf]

Joj:yf ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . gu/kflnsfaf6 hgtf;Dd k'Ug] ;]jfnfO{ k|ljlw;Fu hf]8]/ ;xh

/ ;'ne agfpg] nIo /fv]sf] kfOG5 . :df6{ l;6L lgdf{0fsf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/, k|b]z

;/sf/ , s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ tyf gu/af;L ;a}sf] of]ubfg /xG5 . To;}n] xfdL ;a} gu/af;L, bIf,

l;h{gzLn / k|ljlwd}qL ag]/ :df6{ l;6Lsf] kl/sNkgf ;fsf/ kfg'{ kb{5 .

lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M

• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx?nfO{ :df6{ l;6Lsf] kmf]6f] lel8of] k|bz{g u/L

ToxfF s] s:tf ;'ljwf /x]5g\ < l6kf]6 ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .

lqmofsnfk M lqmofsnfk M

• :df6{ l;6Lsf] cTofjZos k"jf{wf/x?sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg'{xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 81

cEof;

!= pko'St zAb /fv]/ vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf];\ .

s_ ljsf; lgdf0f{sf x/]s If]qdf=============== k|of]u ul/G5 .

v_ ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw dfgj hLjgsf] =============== alg;s]sf] 5 .

u_ …=============== :df6{ l;6Lsf] ld// xf] .Ú

3_ gu/nfO{ =============== agfpg sfa{g sd pT;h{g ug]{ ;+;fwgsf] k|of]u ug'{kb{5 .

@= tn lbOPsf jfSox¿ l7s eP l7s / a]l7s eP a]l7s n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ ljsf; lgdf0f{sf x/]s If]qdf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .

v_ oftfoftdf 6«flkms k|jfx ;/n agfpg'kb{}g .

u_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsf klg w/ftnLo lx;fan] ;'ud gu/ xf]

3_ :df6{ l;6L lgdf{0fsf nflu gful/sx? :df6{ x'g' cfjZos 5}g .

#= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ s:tf] ;x/nfO{ :df6{ l;6L elgG5 <

v_ :df6{ ;6Ldf cy{ Joj:yf s:tf] x'G5 <

u_ gu/df :df6{ k|zf;g agfpg s] ug'kb{5 <

3_ s:tf gful/snfO{ :df6{ gful/s elgG5 <

ª_ :df6{ l;6L lgdf{0fdf s s;sf] of]ubfg /xG5 <

$= ‘:df6{ l;6L lgdf{0fsf cTofjZos k"jf{wf/x?’ zLif{sdf !%) zAb;Ddsf] lgaGw

n]Vg'xf];\ .

82 xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

!* zx/L ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/

efOalxgLx? Û cfh xfdL

o; kf7df ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf af/]df

hfgsf/L lng]5f}F . zx/L ljsf;sf

k"jf{wf/eGbf klxnf ljsf; eg]sf] s]

xf] < hfgf}+ x} t .

/fi6«sf] cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs

kIfdf x'g] ;sf/fTds kl/jt{gnfO{

ljsf; elgG5 . ;Eotfsf] ljsf;;Fu} u|fdL0f If]qx? klg ;x/Ls/0f x'Fb} hfG5g\ . hgtfsf

nflu cfjZos ;]jf ;'ljwfx?nfO{ ;'rf¿ ?kdf pknAw u/fpg / /fi6«sf] cfly{s tyf

;fdflhs ljsf; ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ef}lts, dfgjLo, k|fs[lts ,cfly{s cflb tŒjnfO{ zx/L

ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ elgG5 . o:tf k"jf{wf/sf] :yfkgf / kl/rfngsf nflu ;/sf/n] dfq geO

:yfgLo lgsfo, hgtf, ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?sf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . oL

k"jf{wf/sf] :yfkgf / kl/rfng ubf{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng, kmf]x/ Joj:yfkg / lbuf] ljsf;sf

wf/0ffnfO{ klg Vofn ug{'kb{5 .

pknAw ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] oyf]lrt pkof]u u/L d'n'ssf] ;du| ljsf; k|lqmof cufl8

a9fpg ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/x?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . tLdWo] lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;'/Iff, /f]huf/,

;8s, ljB't, ;~rf/, 9n lgsf;, ahf/ Joj:yfkg, a;kfs{ cflb k"jf{wf/nfO{ ljsf;sf

k|d'v k"jf{wf/sf ?kdf lnOG5 . efOalxgLx? cfh xfdL oL k"jf{wf/ dWo] lzIff, :jf:Yo,

ljB't kfgL , ;~rf/, oftfoft, ;'/Iff, /f]huf/ cflbsf af/]df rrf{ ug]{5f}+ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 83

lzIff

;r]t gful/s, ;Eo ;dfh / ljsf;sf] cfwf/ g} lzIff xf] . h'g ;dfh lzlIft

5 ToxfF ljsf; l56\6} x'g] ub{5 . ;a} afnaflnsfnfO{ lzIffsf] kx'Frdf NofO{ k"0f{ ;fIf/

gu/ agfpg v}/xgL gu/ lzIffn] ljljw sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf] kfOG5 .

o; v}/xgL

gu/kflnsfdf ;fd'bflos dfWolds ljBfno ^ j6f, lg=df=lj= & j6f / !# j6f k|fylds

ljBfno /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfut ljBfnodf !@ j6f dfWolds, ( j6f cfwf/e"t ljBfno o;

kflnsfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .

gu/lzIffn] ljkGg tyf h]x]Gbf/ ljBfyL{nfO{ 5fqj[lQsf] sfo{qmd

klg ;~rfng u/]sf] 5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsf ;r]t gful/s lzlIft gu/sf ?kdf cufl8

a9\b} uPsf] 5 .

:jf:Yo

:jf:Yo dfgj hLjgsf] cfw/e"t cfjZostf xf] . dfgj hLjg;Fu k|ToIf ;/f]sf/

/fVg] :jf:Yo ;]jfsf ljifodf :yfgLo ;/sf/ uDeL/ x'g'kb{5 . dfgj hLjg b'n{e 5 . :j:y

eP/ afFRg kfpg' xfdL gful/ssf] g};lu{s clwsf/ klg xf] . oxL ljifonfO{ Wofgdf /fv]/

x/]s j8fdf ;/sf/n] cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo rf}sL :yfkgf u/]sf] 5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf

hDdf :jf:Yo ;+:yf !# j6f /x]sf 5g\ . h;df gu/ c:ktfn !, :jf:Yo rf}sL # /

cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfs]Gb| ( j6f /x]sf 5g\ . gu/kflnsfn] :jf:Yo If]qdf s]xL gofF k|of]u

/ pbfx/0fLo sfo{ ub{} cfO/x]sf] 5 . s]xL k|d'v sfo{ o;k|sf/ 5g\ M

• ^* jif{ pd]/ dflysf af cfdfnfO{ 3/ 3/d} uO{ :jf:Yo k/LIf0f tyf pkrf/,

• ljkGg afnaflnsf kf]if0f cg'bfg sfo{qmd,

• pk–k|d'v;Fu ue{jtL tyf ;'Ts]/L :ofxf/ ljz]if sfo{qmd,

• v}/xgL gu/af;LnfO{ lgMz'Ns /Qm;~rf/ ;]jf sfo{qmd,

• lgMz'Ns ljkGg 3/kl/jf/ :jf:Yo ladf sfo{qmd,

• ljkGg gful/s :jf:Yo pkrf/ sfo{qmd,

• ljBfnosf ljBfyL{x?sf nflu bfb'/f–?a]nf, cfO=lk=eL=, Pr=kL=eL= cflb vf]kx?

k|bfg .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

ljB't

ljB't pmhf{sf] Ps ?k xf] o;nfO{ ljsf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ ;"rssf ?kdf lnOG5 .

ljB't slxNo} g;'Sg] vf]nf / gbLsf] kfgLsf] k|jfxaf6 pTkfbg ul/G5 . ljB'taf6 3/df aQL

afNg], df]6/ rnfpg], vfgf ksfpg], l6=eL, /]l8of], lx6/, lk|mh, sDKo'6/ cflb rnfpg ;lsG5 .

ljsf;sf] ;"rs dflgPsf] ljB't k|flws/0f;Fu ;dGjo u/L ;a} ufpF / a:tLdf

ljB'tsf] kx'Fr k'¥ofPsf] kfOG5 . /ftsf] ;dodf cfjthfjtdf ;xhtf Nofpg gu/ If]qsf

;a} j8fx?sf] d'Vo ;8s tyf rf]sx?df ;8s aQLx? h8fg u/L ;Eo gu/kflnsfsf]

kl/ro lbg ;kmn ePsf] kfOG5 . xfdLn] klg xfd|f] ufpF3/sf ;8sdf gu/åf/f kf]nx?df

h8fg ul/Psf ;8s aQLx?sf] ;+/If0f tyf ;dodf aQL afNg] / lgefpg] sfo{nfO{ ;xL 9Ën]

u/L c;n / ;Eo gu/jf;Lsf] kl/ro lbg'k5{ .

kfgL

kfgL ;Dk"0f{ hLjlhjfTdfsf nflu ckl/xfo{ tŒj xf] . kfgLlagf hLj tyf jg:kltsf]

sNkgf;Dd ug{ ;lsFb}g . k|f0fL tyf jg:kltsf nflu cd[tsf ?kdf dflgPsf] kfgLsf

ljleGg ;|f]t /x]sf x'G5g\ h:t} M rfkfsn, v'Nnf Ogf/, d"n tyf af]l/Ë cflb . v}/xgLdf

kfgLsf] ;tx dfly g} ePsfn] k|foh;f] 3/df df]6/af6 hldgd'lgsf] kfgL lgsfn]/ lkpg] u/]sf

5g\ . zx/ahf/df eg] 3f/fsf] kfgL k|of]u ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . vfg]kfgL klg zx/L ljsf;sf]

dxŒjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/ dflgG5 . dflg;sf b}lgs lqmofsnfksf nflu dfq geP/ ljsf; lgdf{0f,

snsf/vfgf x/]s 7fpFdf kfgLsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsf If]qdf ;a} 7fpFdf

vfg]kfgLsf] s'g} g s'g} ;|f]t /x]sf] 5 .

dfgj :j:Yo;Fu hf]l8Psf] kfgL z'4 / ;kmf x'g'kb{5 . cf;]{lgso'Qm kfgLsf] k|of]unfO{

x6fO{ gu/If]qleqsf ;a} j8fx?df kfOknfOgsf] dfWodaf6 z'4 / ;'/lIft vfg]kfgLsf]

kx'Frsf] Joj:yfnfO{ dxŒjsf ;fydf cufl8 a9fOPsf] 5 .

;~rf/

;~rf/sf] /fd|f] ljsf; ePsf] 7fpFdf ljsf;sf] ult tLa| ePsf] kfOG5 . To;}n] o;nfO{

zx/L ljsf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ k"jf{wf/sf ?kdf lnOG5 . b'O{ kIfx?lar ;"rgf cfbfgk|bfg ug]{ /

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 85

cy{ a'‰g] k|lqmofnfO{ ;~rf/ elgG5 . k|ToIf e]63f6, 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn kmf]g, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg,

lr7Lkq, kqklqsf, OG6/g]6, ˆofS;, lel8of] cflb ;~rf/sf dfWodx? x'g\ . dfgj hLjgdf

;~rf/n] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] x'G5 . ;"rgf ;xh / k|efjsf/L 9Ëaf6 cfbfgk|bfg ug{

;~rf/sf] yk e"ldsf /xG5 . cfh ljZj ;~rf/sf] ;'ljwfn] ubf{ ;fF3'l/Psf] 5 . Pscsf{;Fu

;Dks{ ug{b]lv ;+;f/sf] ljleGg :yfgx?df 36]sf 36gfx? hfGg, Joj;foaf/] k|rf/k|;f/

ug{, Ps :yfg jf JolQmaf6 csf]{ :yfg jf JolQm;Fu ;Gb]z k|jfx ug{ ;~rf/sf dfWodsf]

cfjZostf kb{5 . To;sf/0f ljsf;df k"jf{wf/sf ?kdf ;~rf/sf] ljsf; x'g' cToGt

cfjZos 5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsf If]qdf ;~rf/sf] /fd|f] kx'Fr k'u]sf] kfOG5 .

oftfoft

dflg; / dfn;fdfg Ps :yfgaf6 csf]{ :yfgdf :yfgfGt/0f ug{ k|of]u x'g] h'g;'s}

;fwgnfO{ oftfoft elgG5 . v'§fafx]s Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf hfg k|of]u ul/g] ;fwg

h:t}M uf8L, 3f]8f, /]nuf8L, kfgLhxfh, xjfO{hxfh cflb oftfoftsf ;fwg x'g\ . oftfoft

dfgj hLjgsf nflu clt cfjZos j:t' xf] . oftfoftsf] ;fwg k|of]ulagf dflg;sf]

cfjZostf k"/f x'g ;Sb}g . o;n] dfgj hLjgsf b}lgs lqmofsnfkdf dxŒjk"0f{ k|efj

kfb{5 . dfgj hLjgnfO{ ;xh dfq agfpFb}g Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf hfg, dfn;fdfg

cf];f/k;f/ ug{, Jofkf/nfO{ ;xh agfpg d2t ub{5 . v}/xgL gu/ If]qdf oftfoftsf] /fd|f]

kx'Fr /x]sf] kfOG5 .

;'/Iff

xfdL ;a}sf] wghgsf] /Iff ug'{ jf x'g' g} ;'/Iff xf] . ;a} gful/snfO{ ;+ljwfg /

k|rlnt sfg'gcg';f/ eo/lxt jftfj/0fdf cfTd;Ddfgk"0f{ 9+un] afFRg] cj;/sf] l;h{gf ug'{

;/sf/sf] bfloTj xf] . gu/sf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs, jftfj/0f nufotsf ;jf{lË0f

kIfsf] ;anLs/0f ub}{ cfGtl/s tyf afXo b'j} r'gf}tLx?af6 d'Qm u/L gu/jf;LnfO{ ;'v,

zflGt, ;'Joj:yf / ;d[l4df k'/Þ\ofpgsf nflu ckgfOg] ax'cfoflds ;'/Iff /0fgLltnfO{ g}

gu/ ;'/Iff Joj:yfkg elgG5 . gu/leq a;f]af; ug]{ gu/jf;Lx?nfO{ ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt

u/fpg' x/]s :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] st{Jo xf] . cfGtl/s tyf afÅo ?ksf eoaf6 d'Qm u/fO

gu/jf;Lx?sf nflu zfGt jftfj/0f agfpg' g} ;Eo gu/sf] lrgf/L xf] . rf]/L, 8s}tL,

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

anfTsf/, xTof, lx+;f, hª\unL hgfj/sf] eo, k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] ljklQnfO{ ;dfwfg

ug{sf lglDt gu/n] cfjZostf cg';f/ gu/k|x/L Joj:yf ug{ ;S5 . v}/xgL gu/leq zflGt

;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt :yfgLo ;/sf/n] u/fPsf] 5 .

/f]huf/

dfgjLo cfZostf kl/k"lt{sf nflu lhljsfkfh{gsf] e/kbf]{ dfWod /f]huf/ xf] .

s'g} klg If]qdf sfd u/L cfocfh{g ug'{ g} /f]huf/ xf] . g]kfndf a]/fhuf/L ;d:ofs} sf/0f

nfvf}F o'jf ljb]lzg afWo ePsf 5g\ . gu/kflnsf If]qdf o'jf nlIft /f]huf/Lsf If]q

klxrfg / la:tf/ ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] . o'jfx?nfO{ l;kd"ns tflnd lbO{ bIf agfP/

o'jf >d / l;k oxL df6f]df vGofpg ;s] cjZo klg b]zsf] ljsf; ;Dej 5 . o;sf

nflu x/]s kflnsfn] ;+efjgfsf] vf]hL ug'kb{5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsf klg /f]huf/Lsf] k|r'/

;+efjgf af]s]sf] gu/ xf] . oxfF ljz]if u/L ko{6g, s[lif tyf s[lifhGo pBf]ux? :yfkgf u/L

o'jfx?nfO{ /f]huf/ lbg ;lsG5 . cfkm}n] nufgL u/L pBf]u ;~rfng ug]{nfO{ gu/n] k|f]T;fxg

ug{'kb{5 . gu/kflnsfn] ;do ;dodf lbg] l;kd"ns tflnd lnP/ klg sltko o'jfx?

:j/f]huf/ ag]sf / s]xLn] c?nfO{ ;d]t /f]huf/ lbPsf] kfOG5 . o; gu/af6 /f]huf/sf

If]qdf klg ;sf/fTds kxn e}/x]sf] 5 .

zx/Ls/0f ljsf;sf nflu hlt ckl/xfo{ 5, Tolt g} o;sf r'gf}lt klg ;Fu} cfPsf

x'G5g\ . zx/Ls/0f a9];Fu} hg;ª\Vof j[l4, cJojl:yt a;f]jf;, k|b'if0f, gLltut c:ki6tf,

;|f]t;fwg tyf hgzlQmsf] cefj, /fhgLlts cl:t/tf, a]/f]huf/L, :df6{ js{ cflbdf r'gf}lt

/x]sf x'G5g\ . Jojl:yt zx/L ljsf;sf] gLlt ckgfP/ dfkb08 cg';f/ ejg lgdf{0f u/L

j:tL Jojl:yt ug]{, tflnd lbO{ bIf hgzlQmaf6 sfo{ ;Dkfbg u/fpg], gu/df /x]sf ;Defjgf

klxrfg u/L Ifdtf / l;ksf cfwf/df /f]huf/L la:tf/ ug]{, o'jfx?df b]zk|]dsf] efjgf hufO

hGde"ldk|lt bfloTjaf]w u/fpFg' kb{5 . ;"rgf ;~rf/ tyf k|ljlwdf hf]8 lbg] gful/snfO{

:df6{ / ;r]t agfpg ;s]df zx/L ljsf;sf] nIo k"/f ug{ ;lsG5 .

o;/L v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf zx/L ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ lzIff, :j:Yo, ljB't, vfg]kfgL,

oftfoft, ;~rf/, ;'/Iff tyf /f]huf/sf If]qdf /fd|f] sfd e}/x]sf] kfOG5 . zx/L ljsf;sf

k"j{wf/sf] ljsf;;Fu} :yfgLo ;/sf/, gu/jf;L tyf ;/f]sf/jfnf ;a} ldnL ljsl;t gu/

agfpg cfcfˆgf] tkm{af6 kxn ug'{kb{5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 87

lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M

• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ zx/L ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/sf af/]df lel8of]

;fdu|L b]vfP/ hfgsf/L u/fpFg'xf];\ .

lqmofsnfk Mlqmofsnfk M

• sIffsf]7fdf ljBfyL{nfO{ cf–cfˆgf j8fdf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ s] s:tf /x]sf 5g\

eGg nufpg'xf];\ .

!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ ljsf; eg]sf] s] xf] <

v_ zx/L ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ s] s] x'g\ <

u_ lah'nLaf6 s] s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 <

3_ s:tf] kfgL :jR5, z'4 / lkpg of]Uo x'G5 <

ª_ ;~rf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

r_ dfgj hLjgdf oftfoft lsg cfjZos 5 <

5_ xfdLn] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt s;/L ug{ ;S5f}+ <

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ lzIff / :jf:Yo dfgj hLjgsf ckl/xfo{ tŒj x'g\, cfˆgf ts{x? n]Vg'xf];\ .

v_ oftfoft / ;'/Iff ljsf;sf cleGg cª\u x'g\ lsg < k|i6 kfg{'xf];\ .

u_ tkfO{+sf] gu/kflnsfaf6 k|sfzg / k|;f/0f x'g] kqklqsf, Pkm=Pd=, 6lnlehg cflbsf]

gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .

3_ zx/L ljsf;sf r'gf}ltx? pNn]v ub}{ ljsf;sf] nIo s;/L k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .

cEof;

kl/of]hgf sfo{ M

!= tnsf lbOPsf] zLif{sdf !%) zAb g36fO{ lgaGw n]Vg'xf];\ .

s_ lzIff, :jf:Yo / /f]huf/ ;d[4 gu/sf] cfwf/

v_ xfd|f] gu/ xfd|f] uf}/j

u_ gu/ ;/;kmfOdf ljBfyL{sf] e"ldsf

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

xfd|f d"No, dfGotf,

;bfrf/ / of]u

PsfO–!)

• of]uf;g

• kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfk

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

x:td'b|f

xfd|f] ljBfnodf of]uu''? klg x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ xKtfdf tLg lbg of]u

l;sfpg'x'G5 . pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ of]udfq xf]Og, g}lts lzIff / cg'zf;gsf af/]df w]/} 1fg

lbg'x'G5 . xfdL pxfFk|lt cToGt cfef/L 5f}F . cfhsf] ;ftf}F 306Ldf pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ ljz]if

lsl;dsf] x:td'b|f / 3f]K6f] k/]/ ug{] ljleGg of]u cf;gx? l;sfpFb} x'g'x'G5 .

u'?n] lxh} xfdLnfO{ of]uf;g ug{sf nflu cf]5\ofpg] lrh Nofpg' eGg'ePsf] lyof] .

xfdL u'?;Fu} ljBfnosf] v'nf rf}/df uof}F . ToxfF xfdLnfO{ u'?n] ;'?df x:td'b|fsf af/]df

l;sfpg'eof]–

x:td'b|f b'O{ zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 – x:t / d'b|f . x:tsf] cy{ …xftÚ xf] eg] d'b|fsf]

cy{ cfs[lt eGg] x'G5 . x:t d'b|fsf] ;DaGw kfFr tŒjx?;Fu /x]sf] 5 .

clUg, jfo', cfsfz, k[YjL / hnnfO{ k~rtŒj elgG5 . xfdL ;a]sf] k[YjL / xfd|f]

z/L/ log} kfFr tŒjx?sf] d]naf6 ag]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] z/L/sf kfFr cf}Fnfx?sf] ;DaGw log}

kfFr tŒjx?;Fu /x]sf] x'G5 . xfd|f] a"9Lcf}Fnfsf] ;DaGw clUgl;t, rf]/ cf}Fnfsf] jfo'l;t,

dfemL cf}Fnfsf] cfsfzl;t, ;flxFnL cf}Fnfsf] k[YjLl;t / sfG5L cf}Fnfsf] hntŒjl;t

;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 .

!( of]uf;g

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

xfdLn] cf;g jf k|f0ffofd ubf{ dgnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ / /f]ucg';f/sf] z/L/sf s]Gb|x?df

pmhf{ k|efj /fVgsf nflu ljleGg d'b|fx? ug{'k5{ . x/]s d'b|f a9Ldf k}FtfnL; ldg]6;Dd ug{

;lsG5 .

s_ hnd'b|f M

of] d'b|f hntŒj;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf

nflu sfG5L / a"9Lcf}Fnf uf]nf] kf/f}F . of] d'b|f lk;fa /

hgg]lGb|o;DaGwL ;d:ofdf nfesf/L x'G5 .

v_ k[YjLd'b|f M

of] d'b|f k[YjL tŒj;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf nflu

;flxFnL cf}Fnf / a"9Lcf}Fnf uf]nf] kf/f}F . of] d'b|fn] df]6f],

b'Anf], kftnf] cj:yfnfO{ ;Gt'ng ldnfpg nfesf/L

x'G5 .

u_ cfsfzd'b|f M

of] d'b|fcfsfz tŒj;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;sf nflu

dfemL cf}Fnf] / a"9Lcf}Fnf] uf]nf] kf/f}F . o; d'b|fdf

a:gfn] gfs, sfg, 3fF6L / cfFvf;DaGwL ;d:ofx?df

nfe k'¥ofpF5 .

3_ jfo' d'b|f M

of] d'b|f jfo' tŒj;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . o;nfO{

Wofgd'b|f klg elgG5 . o;sf nflu rf]/ cf}Fnf / a'9Lcf}Fnf

uf]nf] kf/f}F{ . o; d'b|fdf a:gfn] dgdf zflGt / Psfu|tf

a9fpg ;xof]u k'U5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 91

ª_ clUgd'b|f M

of] d'b|f clUg jf cfuf] tŒj;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 .

o;nfO{ tfk d''b|f klg elgG5 . o;sf nflu Ps xftn]

csf]{ xftsf] a"9Lcf}Fnf d'7\7L ;dfP/ kfFr ldg6 l;wf

/fVff}F o;f] ugf{n] z/L/sf] tfkqmd a9fpF5 . of] d'b|f kfFr

ldg]6eGbf a9L ug'{x'Fb}g .

x:td'b|f xfd|f] z/L/ / dg;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . o;n] xfdLnfO{ :j:y /xg d2t u5{ .

lgodcg';f/ x:td'b|f ugf{n] xfd|f] dg ;w}F v';L / ZffGt eO/xG5 .

ca xfdL ;'t]/ ug]{ cf;gx? l;sf}F M

s_ ;jf{ª\uf;g M

of] cf;g ;'? ubf{ ;j{k|yd 9f8sf] ann] pQfgf]

k/]/ ;'tf}F . :jf; leq tfg]/ v'§fnfO{ la:tf/} la:tf/}

#) l8u|L, To;kl5 ^) l8u|L / cGTodf () l8u|L;Dd

p7fcf}F . v'§f p7fpFbf xftn] ;xfotf lbg ;lsG5 . olb

v'§f () l8u|Ldf l;wf xF'b}g eg] !@) l8u|Ldf nuf}F

cyf{t\ xftnfO{ p7fP/ sDd/sf] k5fl8 nuf}F / s'lxgfnfO{

e'OFdf 6]sfcf}F / v'§fnfO{ ldnfP/ l;wf dfly p7fcf}F .

v'§fsf] kGhf dflylt/ tflgPsf] x'g'kb{5 .

of] cf;g ul/;s]kl5 v'§fnfO{ l;wf /fvL

la:tf/}–la:tf/} em'sfcf}F / b'j} xftnfO{ sDd/af6 e'OFdf /fvL xftn] e'OFdf lyr]/ klxnf h'g

qmdn] p7]sf] lyof], ToxL qmdaf6 la:tf/}–la:tf/} klxnf 9f8 / To;kl5 v'§fnfO{ hldgdf

l;wf /fvf}F .

of] cf;gn] xfd|f] z/L/sf] df]6f]kg, b'a{ntfsf ;fy} prfO j[l4 jf sd ePsfx?nfO{

nfe k'¥ofpF5 . o;n] k]6sf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u5{ . of] cf;g bdsf /f]uLx?sf lglDt pkofuL

x'G5 . of] cf;gn] yfO/fO8 Pjd\ lk6\o'6/L u|lGynfO{ lqmofzLn agfpF5 .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

v_ xnf;g M

of] cf;gsf] cf/Dedf 9f8sf] ann]

;'t]/ la:tf/}–la:tf/} v'§fnfO{ ^) l8u|L;Dd

p7fpg'k5{ / kl5 9f8nfO{ dfly p7fpFb},

v'§fnfO{ 6fpsf]af6 k5fl8 ;f; aflx/ lgsfNff}F

/ v'§fnfO{ 6fpsf] k5fl8 hldgdf 6]sfcf}F . of]

l:yltdf #) ;]s]G8;Dd /xg ;lsG5 .

ca kms{Fbf h'g qmn] dfly cfOG5, ToxL qmdn]

hldgdf xftn] lyRb} v'§fnfO{ 3'F8faf6 hldgdf Nofcf}F .

;fjwfgL M

s_ lkmof] / sn]hf] w]/} a9]sf] cj:yfdf of] cf;g ug'{xF'b}g .

v_ pRr /Qmrfk / sfFw b'Vg] /f]uLx?n] of] cf;g ug'{x'Fb}g .

u_ d]?b08df l6=aL= cflb ljsf/x?5g\ eg] klg of] cf;g ug'{x'Fb}g .

u_ dT:of;g M

;+:s[tdf df5fnfO{ dT:o elgG5 . of]

cf;g ubf{ z/L/sf] cfsf/ df5f em}F x'g] x'Fbf

o;nfO{ dT:of;g elgPsf] xf] .

of] cf;gsf] ;'?df kb\df;gdf a;f}F .

To;kl5 kb\df;gs} l:yltdf xftsf] cfwf/

lnP/ ;fjwfgLk"j{s k5fl8kl§ kN6f}F . /]rs

ub}{ 5ftL / k]6 dfly p7fcf}F . o;f] ubf{ 3'F8f, lt3|f / v'§f eg] hldgdf l6sf];\ . b]a|] xftn]

bflxg] uf]8fsf] a"9Lcf}Fnf, bflxg] xftn] b]a|] uf]8fsf] a"9Lcf}Fnf ;dfTff}F / b'j} s'lxgf hldgdf

6]sfcf}F . d'v aGb u/f}F . o;f] ubf{ bfFt Ps cfk;df ldn]sf] xf];\ . 6fpsfsf] p7]sf] efun]

hldg 5f]cf}F . lrpF8f] dflylt/ kmsf{cf}F . cGtdf xft vf]n]/ 6fpsf] / sDd/ hldgdf /fVff}F .

To;kl5 k"/s -;f;nfO{ leq tfGg'_ / /]rs -;f;nfO{ aflx/ lgsfNg'_ u/f}F .

dT:of;g ugf{n] xfd|f] z/L/ alnof] aGb5 . o;n] xfd|f] 3fF6L, 5ftL, k]6sf /f]ux?

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 93

lgsf] x'G5g\ . cfFvf t]lhnf] agfpF5 . unf ;kmf x'G5 . Zjf;k|Zjf; lqmof l7sl;t rNb5 .

k]6 ;kmf /xG5 . cfFtsf] d}nf x6\b5 . 5ftL rf}8f x'G5 . k]6df a9L af];f] eP 36\b5 . of]

cf;g ugf{n] :qLsf dfl;s wd{;DaGwL /f]ux? lgsf] x'g yfNb5g\ / dlxgfjf/L lgoldt x'g

yfNb5 .

3_ kjgd'Qmf;g M

xfd|f] z/L/df l:y/ /x]sf] kjg -jfo'_

o; cf;gaf6 d'Qm x'g] x'Fbf o;nfO{ kjgd'Qmf;g

elgPsf] xf] .

of] cf;g ;'? ubf{ ;j{k|yd pQfgf]

kms]{/ nDk;f/ k/f}F . To;kl5 k"/s ub}{ kmf]S;f]df

;f; e/f}F . s'g} Ps v'§fnfO{ 3'F8faf6 df]8]/ b'j}

xftsf cf}Fnf k/:k/ ldnfP/ 3'F8fnfO{ lgwf/n] 5f]cf}F . of] l:yltdf csf]{ v'§f hldgdf l;wf

/lx/xg'k5{ . of] lqmofsf] bf}/fgdf ;f; /f]s]/ s'Des u/f}F . 6fpsf] / df]8]sf] v'§f hldgdf

klxnfem}F /flv;s]kl5 dfq /]rs u/f}F . b'j} v'§fnfO{ cfnf]kfnf]l;t df]8]/ of] lqmof u/f}F . b'j}

v'§fnfO{ Ps}k6s df]8]/ klg of] cf;g ug{ ;lsG5 .

kjgd'Qmf;g lgoldt ugf{n] xfd|f] k]6sf] af];f] 36b5 . o;n] k]6sf] jfo' gi6 eP/ k]6

ljsf//lxt aGb5 / slAhot x/fpF5 . laxfg k]6 ;kmf gx'g]x?n] clnslt kfgL vfP/

kGw|÷aL;kN6 of] cf;g ug]{ xf] eg] k]6 ;kmf x'G5 . of] cf;g 9f8sf] g;f RoflkPsf]

la/fdLsf nflu clt pkof]uL x'G5 . of] cf;gn] xfd|f] :d/0fzlQm j[l4 u/fpF5 .

of] cf;g dfgl;s tgfj -l8k|];g_, pRr /Qmrfk, d'6'sf] /f]u tyf clgGb|fsf nflu ;jf]{td

dflgG5 . o:tf /f]uLx?n] of] cf;g lgoldt ?kdf ug'{kb{5 . of] cf;g ugf{n] :gfo' b'a{ntf,

ysfg / dgdf gsf/fTds ljrf/x? v]ln/xg] cj:yfsf] cGt x'G5 .

ª_ zjf;g M

zjf;gsf] cy{ zj jf nf;h:t} eP/

cf;g ug'{ eGg] a'lemG5 . zjf;g of]u lgGb|fsf]

;ª\lIfKt ljlw xf] . lgGb|f gnfUg] dflg;x?n]

;'Tg'cl3 ljlwcg';f/ z/L/nfO{ v's'nf] /

tgfj/lxt agfP/ cfˆgf] Zjf; k|Zjf;df Wofg

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

s]lGb|t u/L ç sf] pRrf/0f u/f}F . Zjf; leq tfGbf tyf aflx/ 5f]8\bf ç sf] cy{k"j{s Wofg

u/f}+ . o;f] ubf{ Zjf;k|Zjf;sf] ult ;xh x'g'kb{5 . of] k|lqmofdf !)) af6 ! ;Dd pN6f] uGb}

k|To]s ;ª\Vofsf] cufl8 ç sf] pRrf/0f jf hk u/f}F, o;n] xfd|f] Wofg 5l/g kfpFb}g . h:t}

M ç !)), ç +((, ç (* ub}{ ç ! ;Dd k'uf}+ . o; k|sf/sf] hk ub}{ hfFbf 5f]6} ;dodf

uf9f lgGb|f cfpF5 / v/fa ;kgf b]Vg'af6 klg 5''6sf/f ldNb5 . b}lgs of]ufEof;sf] cGtdf

of] cf;g %–!) ldg]6;Dd u/f}F .

lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M

• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ sIffdf x:td'b|fsf ljleGg cfs[ltx? k|bz{g u/L o;sf kmfObfx?af/]

hfgsf/L u/fpg''xf];\ .

• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ tl:a/ jf lel8of]dfkm{t ;'t]/ ul/g] of]uf;gx?sf] gd'gf b]vfpg'xf];\

/ cfkmF}n] klg oL cf;gx? ul/lbg'xf];\ .

• tkfO{Fn] sIffdf ;fyLx?;Fu x:td'b|fsf ljleGg cfs[ltx? k|bz{g u/]/

b]vfpg'xf];\ .

• tkfO{F{ :jod\ x:td'b|fdf a:g'xf];\ / s:tf] cg'ej eof] < sIffdf ;fyLx?;Fu

5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .

• sIffdf lzIfsn] gd'gf k|bz{g ug'{ePsf] cfwf/df ;'t]/ ul/g] of]uf;gx? u/]/

b]vfpg'xf];\ .

lqmofsnfk Mlqmofsnfk M

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 95

!= tnsf k|Zgx? l7s eP l7s / a]l7s eP ;RofP/ n]Vg'xf];\ M

-s_ x:td'b|fsf] ;DaGw ;ft tŒjx?;Fu /x]sf] 5 .

-v_ x:td'b|fx? a9Ldf k}FtfnL; ldg]6;Dd ug{'k5{ .

-u_ k[YjL d'b|fsf] ;DaGw a"9Lcf}Fnf;Fu x'G5 .

-3_ jfo' d'b|fnfO{ Wofg d'b|f klg elgG5 .

-ª_ clUgd'b|f krf; ldg]6eGbf a9L ug'{x'Fb}g .

@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] vfnL 7fpFdf pko'Qm zAbx? eg'{xf];\ M

-s_ ;jf{ªuf;g ubf{ v'§fnfO{ =============l8u|L;Dd p7fpg'k5{ .

-v_ xnf;g ubf{ v'§fnfO{===========k5fl8=======df 6]sfpg'k5{ .

-u_ dT:of;g ubf{=========em}F eOG5 .

-3_ kjgd'Qmf;gdf 6fpsf] b]a|] ========5'g'k5{ .

-ª_ zjf;g============;jf]{Qd dflgG5 .

#= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M

-s_ x:td'b|fsf] zflAbs kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

-v_ k~rtŒj;Fu xfd|f s'gs'g cf}Fnfx?sf] ;DaGw s:tf] x'G5 <

-u_ hnd'b|f / clUgd'b|fsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .

3_ k[YjLd'b|f / cfsfz d'b|fdf s] km/s 5 <

-ª_ ;jf{ª\uf;g / kjgd'Qmf;gsf kmfObfx? s] s] x'g\ <

-r_ xnf;g ubf{ s]s] s'/fdf ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ <

$= OG6/g]6sf] ;xfotfaf6 of]uf;g ;DaGwL lel8of] ;fdfu|L vf]Hg'xf];\ . dflysf of]u

cEof; kZrft tkfO{F{nfO{ s:tf] cg'ej eO/x]sf] 5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .

cEof;

96 xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

@) kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfk

dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL xf] .

;dfh leqsf] kl/jf/ xfd|f] k|d'v

cf>o:yn xf] . xfd|f k'vf{ klxn]

9'ª\u] o'udf lyP . pgLx? hª\un

/ cf]9f/df a;]/ hLjg latfO/x]sf

lyP . ;dos|ddf dflg; To;/L

hª\undf ;Lldt /x]/ a:g

;s]g . p;nfO{ ;'/lIft af;:yfgsf]

cfjZostf dxz'; x'Fb} uof] clg

Ps cfk;df dflg;x? ;Ël7t

x'g yfn] . 3/ agfP/ dflg;x? kl/jf/;Fu a:g yfn] . hª\undf PSn} a:g] ToxL dflg;

sfnfGt/df cfbz{ / ljj]sL aGb} kl/jf/sf] dfof ddtfdf /x]/ hLjg JotLt ug{ z'?jft

u¥of] .

clxn] dflg;x? kl/jf/df a;]/ cfˆgf rfnrng, ;+:s[lt, /xg;xg cflb ;d'bfo /

;dfhdf lj:tf/ ub}{ cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;fdflhs lglt lgoddf /x]/ dflg; cfˆgf] kfl/jfl/s

kl/j]z rnfpFb} hLjgofkg ul//x]sf] xfdL kfpF5f} . Pp6} 5fgfd'lg a;]/ Pp6} r'nf]df vfgf

vfg] ;d"xnfO{ kl/jf/ elgG5 . o; ;d"xdf /xg] JolQmx? h'g /utsf] gftf4f/f of cGo

s'g} ;fdflhs gftf h:t} wd{k'q of wd{k'qLsf] sf/0faf6 Ps csf{df ;DalGwt /xG5g\ .

;dfhdf rlncfPsf] rngcg';f/ kl/jf/ Psn / ;+o'Qm kl/jf/ u/L b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g\ .

cfdf afa' / ltlgx?sf ;Gtfgx? dfq /x]sf] kl/jf/nfO{ Psn kl/jf/ elgG5 . Psn kl/jf/

Ps cfw'lgs k/Dk/f xf] . Psn kl/jf/ ;fgf] kl/jf/ xf] . cfly{s ?kdf ;jn x'g', Go'g

snx tyf cfk;L ;b\efj Hofbf /xg' / kl/jf/sf] x]/rfx / kf]if0fdf /fd|f] l:ylt /xg' Psn

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 97

kl/jf/sf] kmfObf xf] . To;} u/L cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffdf sdL x'g' / Ps csf{df

kof{Kt /]vb]v / Joj:yfkgsf] sdL x'g ;Sg' o;sf a]kmfObf x'g\ . ;+o'Qm kl/jf/ eg]sf] ;'vL

kl/jf/ xf], hxfF b'O{–tLg k':tf Ps} 3/df cfk;L dfofn] a:b5g\, Pp6} efG5fdf vfgf ksfOG5

/ ;DklQsf] afF8kmfF8 x'Fb}g . kl/jf/sf] ;a}eGbf h]i7 JolQm 3/sf] dflns x'g'kb{5 . hxfF ;a}

dflg; cfk;L dfof / ;b\efjsf ;fy a:5g . ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df xh'/af–xh'/cfdf, cfdf–a'jf,

sfsf–sfsL, bfO–efph', lbbL, efO, alxgL x'G5g\ . kfl/jfl/s ;d:ofx? cfOk/]df o;

kl/jf/df ;a} ldn]/ To;nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ ul/G5 .

kl/jf/df Ps csf{sf] dd{nfO{ a'e]m/ ;xof]u ub}{ b'Mv ;'v ;f6f;f6\ u/L ldn]/

a:g'nfO{ kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfk elgG5 . xfd|f] kl/jf/ h'g k|sf/sf] eP tfklg Ps–csf]{df

d]nldnfk ePg eg] kl/jf/ ;'vL aGg ;Sb}g . kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfksf nflu kl/jf/sf

;b:ox? k|lt xfdLn] ;Ddfg, dfof, :g]x / ;b\efj /fVg'kb{5 . cK7\of/f] l:yltdf ;xof]usf]

ck]Iff /fVg' / ;xof]u kfpg' g} kfl/jfl/s dxŒjsf] ljifo xf] . kl/jf/sf] cy{ s;}dfly lge{/

x'g' eGg] xf]Og, of] Ps k|sf/sf] ;fe]mbf/L xf], h'g xfdL :jo+n] agfPsf x'G5f} . cfkm"df ePsf]

;a}eGbf /fd|f] s'/f Ps– csf{nfO{ s;/L lbg ;lsG5 eg]/ xfdL nfluof] eg] dfq, Tof] ;xL

cy{df kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfksf] dxŒjk"0f{ dd{ xf] .

kl/jf/df ;w}+ xfF;Lv';L 5, d]nldnfk 5, k|]ldn jftfj/0f 5 . Ps–csf{n] kfl/jfl/s

dof{bf kfngf u/]sf 5g\ . cfk;df ;xof]u cfbfg k|bfg x'G5 . x/]s ;d:of jf cK7\of/fx?df

;a}sf] ;fy / ;xof]u /xG5 . ;a}hgf Ps;fy vfgf vfG5g\ / /dfOnf] u5{g\ . rf8kj{,

pT;j / hd36df ;a}sf] ;xeflutf /xG5 . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] cf–cfˆgf] sfd jf

lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfn]sf 5g\ . xh'/af–xh'/cfdf k|lt ;a}sf] >bfefj 5 . afnaRrfk|lt ;a}sf]

k|]d 5 . o:tf] kl/jf/n] ;'v vf]Hg cGt hfg'kb}{g / kl/jf/ cyjf 3/ g} pgLx?sf nflu

:ju{ xf] . To;}n] kf}/fl0fs zf:qx?df elgPsf] 5, kl/jf/ ;'v g} ;jf]{Rj xf] . kl/jf/df

;'v / d]nldnfk 5 eg] h:tf];'s} ;d:ofn] klg xfdLnfO{ ljrlnt agfpFb}g\ . kfl/jfl/s

d]nldnfkn] kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ ;w}+ xFl;nf], hfFul/nf] / k'mlt{nf] agfpFb5 . ha xfd|f] kl/jf/

dof{lbt, pQ/bfoL, ;'vL, v';L x'G5, ta xfd|f ;a} b'Mv, si6, kL8f, cefj gi6 x'G5g\ .

kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfk ePsf] kl/jf/nfO{ ;d'bfo / ;dfhn] x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f ;Ddfghgs vfnsf]

x'G5 . s;}n] o:tf] kl/jf/nfO{ cfFvf nufpg] ;f]+r /fVg ;Sb}g . kl/jf/nfO{ ;'vL / v';L

/fVgsf nflu kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfksf] jftfj/0f ldnfpg' xfd|f] st{Jo / bfloTj xf] .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

3/df v';L / ;d[l4 Nofpg],

kl/jf/sf] /Iff ug{', ;Ddfg tyf dfof

kfpg', tgfj sd x'g', Ps–csf{sf]

;xof]u, cf8 e/f];f kfpg' g} kfl/jfl/s

d]nldnfksf] dxŒj xf] . kfl/jfl/s

dxŒjsf sf/0f kl/jf/df jfnaRrfsf]

nfngkfng / dfgl;s ljsf; ;xL

9ª\un] x'g'sf ;fy} h]i7 gful/sx?

;Gt'i6 x'G5g\ . afnaflnsfx?n]

cd"No ;+:sf/ l;Sg] cj;/ klg kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfkaf6 kfPsf x'G5g\ .

lzIf0f ;'emfj

• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfk emNsfpg] lrq jf j[Qlrq k|bz{g u/L ;f]af6

cfkm"n] a'e]msf / a'‰g'kg]{ 1fgnfO{ l6kf]6 ug{ nufO{ sIffdf kfn}kfnf] k|:t't ug{

nufpg'xf];\ .

lj|mofsnfk M

• kf7 Wofg lbP/ k9\g'xf];\ / xfd|f] kl/jf/nfO{ ;'vL / v';L /fVg xfdLn] s]–s] ug{'kg]{

/x]5 < sfkLdf l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf lzIfsnfO{ b]vfpg'xf];\ .

• tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/ Psn / ;+o'Qm kl/jf/dWo] s'g kl/jf/leq kb{5 < ;fyLx?;Fu

5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff * 99

!_ pko'Qm cy{ 5fgL tnsf zAbx?sf] hf]8f ldnfpg'xf];\ .

cf]9f/ rlncfPsf rng

Rfnrng kfgL / 3fdaf6 aRg le/kfvfdf ePsf k|fs[lts 3/

kf]if0f cfzf ul/Psf]

efG5f z/L/nfO{ rflxg] cfjZos tŒj ePsf] vfgf

ck]Iff vfgf ksfpg] / vfg] 7fpF

@_ kf7sf cfwf/df pko'Qm zAb /fvL vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ .

-s_ ;dfhleqsf] kl/jf/ xfd|f] k|d'v

=======================

xf] .

-v_ xfd|f k'vf{x? hª\un / cf]9f/df a;]/ ======================= ljtfO/x]sf lyP .

-u_ Psn kl/jf/ Ps cfw'lgs

=======================

xf] .

-3_ kl/jf/sf] ;a}eGbf h]i7 JolQm 3/sf]

=======================

x'g'kb{5 .

#_ tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .

-s_ dflg; s;/L kl/jf/df a:g ;'?jft u/] <

-v_ kl/jf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <

-u_ Psn kl/jf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf kmfObf / a]kmfObf;lxt k|i6 kfg{'xf];\ .

-3_ ækl/jf/ g} ;jf]{Rr xf]Æ o; egfOnfO{ k|i6 kfg'{xf];\ .

-ª_ kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfksf nflu tkfO{+n] kl/jf/df s:tf] e"ldsf v]Ng'kb{5 <

cfˆgf ljrf/x? n]Vg'xf];\ .

cEof;

kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{

• tkfO{+sf] kl/jf/sf] kfl/jfl/s ;+u7g -Family Tree Chart) lgdf{0f u/L sIffdf

k|:t't ug{'xf];\ . 3/ kl/jf/df kfl/jfl/s d]nldnfksf] dxŒjnfO{ ;d]6L Ps cg'R5]

b n]Vg'xf];\ .

xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff *

100