sIff &sIff &
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgLxfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] :yfgLo kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t kf7\ok':ts
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
ljBfyL{sf] gfd M
ljBfnosf] gfd M
cleefjssf] gfd M
cleefjssf] kmf]g g+= M
sIff 7
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] :yfgLo kf7\oj|mddf cfwfl/t kf7\ok':ts
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
k|sfzs M v
}/xgL gu/kflnsf, lrtjg .
;xhLs/0f M ;fe g]kfn, kf]v/f . ;Dks{ M (*%^)#@$&#
;jf{lwsf/ M k|sfzsdf
k|sfzg M klxnf] ;+:s/0f, lj=;+=@)*!
d'b|0f M dgsfdgf 5fkfvfgf, v}/xgL–*, k;f{, lrtjg – )%^–%*@!(%
d"No M
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL -sIff &_
v}/xgL gu/kflnsf gu/sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no lrtjgn] ;fe g]kfn kf]v/f;Fusf]
;xof]udf tof/ kf/]sf] k|:t't kf7\ok':ts æxfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgLÆ k|yd ;+:s/0f ePsfn]
k|:t't ;+:s/0fdf b]lvPsf sld sdhf]/L k|lt oxfFsf] cd"No ;Nnfx ;'emfjsf nflu
xflb{s cg'/f]w ub{5f}+ . tkfO{x?sf] ;sf/fTds ;Nnfx Pjd\ ;'emfjn] kf7\ok':tsnfO{
yk kl/:s[t agfpb} cufl8 a9\g pTk|]/0ff lbg]5 . wGojfb .
;'emfjsf] nfluM edu.khairahani@gmail.com
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
gu/ k|d'vsf] sndaf6
:yfgLo ;d'bfosf cfjZostf / ¿lrnfO{ dxŒj lbO{ :yfgLo :t/s} ;fwg, ;|f]t / lj1tfsf]
pkof]udfkm{t\ :yfgLo :t/df lgdf{0f, ljsf; / sfof{Gjog ul/g] kf7\oqmd :yfgLo kf7\oqmd xf] .
/fli6«o kf7\oqmdn] dfq hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:s[lt cflbdf x'g] ljljwtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ g;Sg]
ePsfn] :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] xf] .
g]kfn ljljwtfn] ;DkGg d'n's xf] . oxfF ljleGg y/L efiff, ;Eotf, k];f, ;+:s[lt, e]ife'iff
/ e"uf]nx? 5g\ . ltgsf cf–cfˆg} ljlzi6 klxrfg 5g\ . …ljljwtfdf PstfÚ g]kfnLsf] ljlzi6
klxrfg g} xf] . nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ d'n's oxL af6f]df cl3
al9/x]sf a]nfdf ;+ljwfgn] ;d]t k|To]s efiff / ;Eotfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+a4{g ug{ kfpg] gful/ssf]
xsnfO{ df}lns xssf ?kdf ;'/lIft u/]sf] 5 eg] o;sf nflu ljleGg ;dodf P]g, sfg'g /
lgb{]lzsfx?;d]t aGg] qmddf /x]sf] 5 .
:yfgLo kf7\oqmdnfO{ cjwf/0ffut ?kdf k|i6\ofpg] qmddf g]kfnsf ljleGg b:tfa]hdf
/x]sf k|fjwfgx?nfO{ x]g{'kb{5 . xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf gLltx?df :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf af/]df
lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ePsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg @)&@ efu # sf] wf/f #! df lzIff ;DaGwL
df}lns xssf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . o; wf/fsf] pkwf/f % df g]kfndf a;f]af; ug]{ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{
sfg'gadf]lhd cfˆgf] dft[efiffdf lzIff kfpg] xs x'g]5 eGg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ Jojxf/tM
sfof{Gjogsf nflu :yfgLo kf7\oqmddfkm{t\ ;dfhdf /x]sf efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, ;f+:s[lts ;Eotf
/ ;DkbfnfO{ hu]gf{ ug]{ k|s[ltsf] 1fg, l;k / k|ljlw ljBfyL{nfO{ lbg' h¿/L 5 . lzIffnfO{ j}1flgs,
Joj;flos, ;Lkd"ns / /f]huf/d"ns Pjd\ hgd'vL agfpFb} ;Ifd k|lt:kwL{ g}lts Pjd\ /fli6«o
lxtk|lt ;dlk{t hgzlQm tof/ ug]{ -wf/f %! -h_-!_ . To;}u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g
@)&$ sf] kl/R5]b # sf] bkmf !! -h_ -$_ df dft[efiffdf lzIff lbg] ljBfnosf] cg'dlt, cg'udg
tyf lgodg;DaGwL Joj:yf u/L :yfgLo kf7\oqmdsf] sfof{Gjog cj:yfnfO{ Oª\lut u/]sf] 5 .
To:t} pQm P]gsf] bkmf !! -h_ -!*_ df :yfgLo :t/sf] z}lIfs 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwsf] ;+/If0f,
k|jw{g / :t/Ls/0f ug]{ s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] ……lzIfssf xftdf kf7\os|d
/ ljBfyL{sf xftdf kf7\ok':tsÚÚ eGg] clek|fosf ;fy o; sfdnfO{ cl3 a9fPsf] xf] . of]
kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0fsf ;Gbe{df ;Dk"0f{ hgk|ltlglw, kf7\oqmdlj1, lzIffljb\, k|wfgfWofks, lzIfs,
cleefjs, ljBfyL{, n]vs, :yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnf nufot ;a} v
}/xgL
gu/kflnsfjf;Lsf] ;xof]u
k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
kf7\ok':ts n]vgsf qmddf ljleGg r/0fsf uf]i7L, 5nkmn / cGt/lqmofdfkm{t\ :yfgLo
:t/sf cfjZostf / kf7\ok':tsdf ;d]6\g'kg{] ljifo ;Gbe{x?sf af/]df cjwf/0ff lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
5 . :yfgLo l;k, Ifdtf, snf, k];f, Joj;fo, :yfgLo ;Dkbf, :yfgLo klxrfgnfO{ kf7\ok':tsdf
;d]6]/ ljBfyL{sf 1fg, l;k / clej[lQnfO{ phfu/ ug{] k|of; u/fpg], Tof] kf7\ok':tsdf k|To]sn]
cfˆgf] klxrfg b]Vg] / ;a}n] ckgTj dx;'; ug{] 9ª\un] agfOPsf] of] kf7\ok':tsn] gofF lkF9LnfO{
cfˆgf] df}lnskgsf] vf]hL ug{ k|]l/t ug{] 5 .
:yfgLo ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] cfjZostf, rfxgf / pgLx?s} ;xeflutfdf :yfgLo ljifoj:t'nfO{
;dfj]z u/L lgdf{0f / sfof{Gjog /x]sf] -xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL_ gfds kf7\ok':tssf] P]ltxfl;s
dxŒj /xg] s'/fdf s'g} zª\sf 5}g . o;sf] n]vg, ;Dkfbg / k|sfzgdf ;xof]u / ;xhLs/0f
ug{] ;+:yf ;fe g]kfn / ldlxg]tsf ;fy kf7\ok':ts n]vgdf vl6g'ePsf lj1 n]vsx?k|lt
gu/kflnsf xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5 . kf7\ok':ts lgdf{0fsf ljleGg r/0fdf cfˆgf] cd"No ;'emfj
lbP/ ;xof]u ug{'x'g] kf7\oqmd ;xhLs/0f ;ldlt / kf7\oqmd d:of}bf n]vg ;ldlt, ljBfnosf
lzIfs, cleefjs, k|wfgfWofks, ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx?, lzIffljb\, ;dfh;]jL, ljleGg If]qsf lj1
JolQmŒjx?, gu/kflnsfsf ;Dk"0f{ hgk|ltlglwHo"x?, /fhg}lts JolQmŒj, sd{rf/Lx? ;a}nfO{
xflb{s wGojfb lbg rfxG5f}F . ;fy} k':ts 5kfO{sf] cleef/f axg ug]{ dgsfdgf 5fkfvfgf k|lt
klg xfdL cfef/L 5f}F .
cGTodf, …xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgLÚ gfds o; :yfgLo kf7\ok':tssf] k"0f{ ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf
nflu z'esfdgf JoQm ug{ rfxG5f}F . lgdf{0fsf qmddf h:t} o;sf] cy{k"0f{ sfof{Gjogsf ;Gbe{df
klg ;a} kIfsf] plQs} ;xof]u / ;b\efj /xg] cfzf Pjd\ ljZjf; JoQm ub{5' .
zzL s'df/ vlgof
gu/ k|d'v
v}/xgL gu/kflnsf, lrtjg .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
ljifo;"rL
PsfO kf7 zLif{s k[i7
!= v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] kl/ro 1v}/xgLsf] xfjfkfgL, jg:ktL
/ jGohGt' 1
2v}/xgLsf] z}lIfs Oltxf; 4
@= :yfgLo snf / ;+:s[lt 3v}/xgLsf rf8kj{x? 9
4xfd|f kf];fs 17
#= :yfgLo ko{6g 5v}/xgLsf ko{6sLo :ynx? 21
6yf? ;+:s[lt / ko{6g 24
$= :yfgLo s[lif Joj;fo 7s'v'/fkfng 29
8ufO{e}+;L / afv|fkfng 33
%= :yfgLo k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw 93/]n' pBf]u 42
10 ahf/Ls/0f 47
^= :yfgLo k|fs[lts ;Dkbf
11 dWojtL{ If]q 52
12 v}/xgLsf h8La'6L 56
13 b/fO{ af]6] tfn 58
&= :yfgLo v]nx? 14 km'6an v]n 62
*= ;8s ;'/Iff / ljkb\ Jojj:yfkg 15 ljkb\ Joj:yfkg 69
(= ;x/L ljsf;, k|b"if0f tyf kmf]xf]/
Joj:yfkg
16 :jR5 jftfj/0f 75
17 v}/xgL gu/:t/Lo uf}/jsf
cfof]hgf 78
18 k|b"if0f 81
!)= xfd|f d"No, dfGotf, ;bfrf/ / of]u 19 of]u÷Wofg 86
20 :sfp6 91
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf]
kl/ro
PsfO–!
!
• v}/xgLsf] xfjfkfgL, jg:ktL / jGohGt'
• v}/xgLsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 1
!
v}/xgLsf] xfjfkfgL,
jg:klt / jGohGt'
v}/xgL gu/kflnsf ;d'b| ;txaf6 Go"gtd !($ ld= / clwstd ^*) ld6/;Ddsf]
prfO{df /x]sf] 5 . of] gu/kflnsfsf] ;a} e"efu ;dy/ Pjd\ leqL dw]zsf] d}bfgL efudf
kb{5 . oxfF ljleGg k|sf/sf xfjfkfgL, jg:klt / jGohGt'x? /x]sf 5g\ . of] gu/kflnsf
k|fs[lts / h}ljs ljljwtfn] wgL 5 .
xfjfkfgL M
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf ljleGg gbL h:t}M /fKtL, 9'ª\u|], Rofq, kmDkmf, nb/L so/ cflb
/ vf]nfx?åf/f lgld{t ;dtn d}bfgL e"–efub]lv / s+sfnL h:tf pRr e"–efu /x]sf] 5 .
To;}n] oxfFsf d}bfgL e"–efux? tyf xf]rf a]F;Lx?df cwf]{i0f dg;'gL xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
2
lxpFb dlxgfdf eg] z'is / hf8f] x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} x':;' klg nfUg] ub{5 . oxfF 6f/L, kfvf
/ 8fF8fx?df u|Liddf Gofgf] / jiff{ x'g] u5{ eg] lxpFbdf lr;f] x'G5 . oxfF ;dlztf]i0f / pi0f
xfjfkfgL kfOG5 .
jg:klt
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf prfOsf If]qx?df
cwf]{i0f ktem/ hª\un kfOG5 . *)) ld6/
eGbf xf]rf] :yfgdf a9L dfqfdf ;fn kfOG5
. o; :yfgdf a/, kLkn, ;dL, vlgof], l;dn,
l;;f}, e]Nn/, sfnL sf7, k6\s], s/d, /fhj[If,
baba], a]n, df}jf cflb ?vx? kfOG5g\ .
jGohGt' M
v}/xgL h}ljs ljljwtfn] ;DkGg
gu/kflnsf xf] . oxfF ljleGg k|sf/sf hª\unL
hLjhGt'x? kfOG5g\ . oxfFsf jgx?df kfOg]
hgfj/x?df xfQL, u}F8f, lrt'jf, af3, lrQn,
h/fof], efn', aFb]n, v/fof], b'D;L, afFb/, d[u,
jgla/fnf], :ofn, dn;fk|f], uf]xf]/f] cflb /x]sf
5g\ . oxfF hª\unx?df do"/, ;'uf, ;f/f}F, rLn,
wg]z, as'Nnf, lra], sflnh, ltqf, 9's'/,
sf]OnL, sfu, lu4, afh, eFu]/f, rd]/f], h'/]nL,
nf6f]sf];]/f], lkm:6f], GofpnL, nfdk'5]«, 6's6's], 8fªu|] cflb kIfLx? kfOG5g\ . v}/xgL k|fs[lts
ljljwtf ePsf] gu/kflnsf xf] . o; gu/kflnsf leqsf jghª\un, h8La'6L / jGohGt'sf]
;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{' clt cfjZos 5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 3
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ljBfno tyf To;sf] j/k/sf] xfjfkfgL, jg:klt / jGohGt'sf
af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• tkfOF{{ a;]sf] 7fpF j/k/sf] xfjfkfgL s:tf] 5 < sIffdf ;fyLx?;Fu 5nkmn
ug{'xf];\ .
• tkfO{F j/k/ kfOg] jg:klt / jGohGt'sf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{g'xf];\ .
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ v}/xgLdf slt k|sf/sf xfjfkfgL kfOG5g\ < tflnsf;lxt n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ v}/xgLdf kfOg] jg:kltx?sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
-u_ v}/xgLdf kfOg] kz'kG5Lx? s] s] x'g\ < a]Unfa]Un} ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
@= v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] gS;f agfO{ gu/kflnsfleqsf dxŒjk"0f{ :yfgx¿ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
#= lrq x]/L j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
cEof;
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• tkfF{Osf] 3/, l5d]s jf j8fdf ;fd'bflos jghª\unx? /x]sf 5g\ . tkfOF{sf]
j8fdf slt cf]6f ;fd'bflos jghªunx? xf]nfg\ < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ / sIffdf
k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
4
@
v}/xgLsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;
lzIff hLjgko{Gt rln/xg] k|lqmof
xf] . o; v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf x/]s
ljBfnosf] cfˆg} Oltxf; 5 . h'g Oltxf;
clxn] klg ;'Gg / k9\g kfpg ;S5f}+ . o; v}/xgL
gu/kflnsfdf ;fd'bflos dfWolds ljBfno
^ j6f, lg=df=lj= & j6f / !# j6f k|fylds ljBfno /x]sf 5g\ . ;+:yfut ljBfnodf !@
j6f dfWolds, ( j6f cfwf/e"t ljBfno o; kflnsfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To;}u/L dG6]Zj/L $,
cl6hd ;DaGwL ljBfno !, SofDk; $ j6f /x]sf 5g\ eg] Ps cf]6f gu/ c:ktfn /x]sf] 5 .
k"jL{ lrtjgsf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] z}lIfs Oltxf; af]s]sf] ljBfno v}/xgL dfWolds ljBfno
xf] . o; ljBfno gu/el/s} k'/fgf] / ljZj;gLotfsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ of] ljBfnodf ljBfyL{sf]
rfk /fd|f] /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
lzIffk|]dL :j= lszf]/rG› 9'ª\ufgfsf] ;lqmotfdf tTsflng v}/xgL ufFp k~rfot
cGtu{t dem'O{ eGg] ufFpsf] hfu?s ufFpn]x?sf] ;lqmotfdf lj= ;+= @)!@ ;fndf
;j{k|yd dem'O{df k|fOd]/L ljBfnosf] gfddf :yfkgf ul/Psf] o; ljBfnosf] Oltxf; k'/fgf]
5 . :yfkgf sfnsf] % b]lv ^ dlxgfkl5 g} a'w} -af]lnof_ dxQf], j[hnfn rf}w/L cGo
;dfh;]jL JolQmŒjx?sf] ;lqmotfdf ;f] k|fOd]/L :s'n ;'Ntgfdf :yfgfGt/0f ul/of] . k'/fgf
a'9fkfsfx?af6 k|fKt hfgsf/L cg';f/ ;f] k|fOd]/L ljBfnosf] klxnf] lzIfs /fdgfy kf08]
x'g'x'GYof] . lj=;+= @)!# ;fndf k'gM o; ljBfnonfO{ v}/xgL ufFpdf g} ;fl/of] . To;
;dodf xfn ljBfno ePsf] 7fFpdf wd{esf/L uf]bfd lyof] . h'g To; ;dodf klg hL0f{
cj:yf /x]sf] lyof] . lj=;+= @)!$ ;fndf wd{ uf]bfdsf] ejg / ! ljufxf !% sÝf hUuf
lnnfd u/L ljBfnosf] gfddf lnOof] / v}/xgL ufFpaf6 ljBfnonfO{ clxn] ljBfno ePsf]
7fFpdf ;fl/of] .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 5
lj=;= @)!( ;fndf z}n]G›s'df/ cfof]uaf6 o; ljBfnosf gfddf !# lj3f hUuf
k|fKt eof] . t/ lj=;+= @)@^ ;fnsf] gfkLn] ljBfnosf] gfddf !! lj3f & sÝf hUuf dfq
sfod ul/lbof] . To; ;dosf tTsfnLg /fd]Zj/ kf08] / k'/]G›s'df/ d}gfnL ;fy} o; e]usf
lzIffk|]dL cleefjssf] ;lqmo ;xeflutfdf lj=;+=@)@$ ;fndf o; ljBfnodf dfWolds
txsf] lzIff lbg cf/De u/L ;/sf/L :jLs[lt k|fKt ePsf] kfOG5 . o; ljBfnodf dfWolds
tx eP kl5 k|yd k|wfgfWofks :j= k'/]G›s'df/ d}gfnL x'g'x'GYof] . lj=;+= @)!@ df :yfkgf
eP kl5 o; ljBfnosf] gfd >L v}/xgL k|fOd]/L :s'n ePsf] / lj=;+= @)@$;fndf k[YjL
df= lj=sf] ?kdf kl/jt{g ul/P kZrft\ k'gM v}/xgL dfWolds ljBfno sfod ul/Psf]
kfOG5 . o;/L lj=;+= @)^^ ;fndf sIff– !! / @)^& ;fndf sIff–!@ sf] :jLs[lt k|fKt
u/]sf] kfOG5 . jt{dfg cj:yfdf v}/xgL ljBfno cfly{s, ef}lts / z}lIfs b[li6sf]0fn] /fd|f]
ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
v}/xgLsf ;fd'bflos ljBfnox¿sf] ljj/0f
qm=;+= ljBfnosf] gfd 7]ufgf
! >L v}/xgL dfWolds ljBfno v}/xgL g=kf=–^, lrtjg
@ >L hghLjg dfWolds ljBfno v}/xgL g=kf=–@, lrtjg
# >L slkof dfWolds ljBfno v}/xgL g=kf=–!@, lrtjg
$ s7f/ dfWolds ljBfno v}/xgL g=kf=–!), lrtjg
% >L s+sfnL dfWolds ljBfno v}/xgL g=kf=–!, lrtjg
^ >L dfWolds ljBfno uj} v}/xgL g=kf=–!#, lrtjg
& >L hgPstf cfwf/e"t ljBfno v}/xgL g=kf=–$, lrtjg
* >L lbJoHof]lt cfwf/e"t ljBfno -!–*_ v}/xgL g=kf=–!#, lrtjg
( >L wd{]Zj/ cfwf/e"t ljBfno -!–*_ v}/xgL g=kf=–!#, lrtjg
!) >L /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno a:of}nL -!–*_ v}/xgL g=kf=–(, lrtjg
!! >L /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno uf]7Zj/ v}/xgL g=kf=–#, lrtjg
!@ cfwf/e"t ljBfno lkb|xgL v}/xgL g=kf=–!!, lrtjg
!# >L /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno hgsk'/ v}/xgL g=kf=–!@, lrtjg
!$ cfwf/e"t ljBfno ;'Ntfgf v}/xgL g=kf=–&, lrtjg
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
6
!% >L cfwf/e"t ljBfno a}/xgL -!–%_ v}/xgL g=kf=–(, lrtjg
!^ >L /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno ;nf}nL v}/xgL g=kf=–%, lrtjg
!& /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno zflGtahf/ v}/xgL g=kf=–!), lrtjg
!* cfwf/e"t ljBfno v/v'§] v}/xgL g=kf=–!!, lrtjg
!( >L r08L /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno v}/xgL g=kf=–#, lrtjg
@) >L /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno kl6xfgL v}/xgL g=kf=–@, lrtjg
@! >L /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno dugL v}/xgL g=kf=–*, lrtjg
@@ >L cfwf/e"t ljBfno d‰f'O{ v}/xgL g=kf=–&, lrtjg
@# >L cfwf/e"t ljBfno hLjgk'/ v}/xgL g=kf=–!), lrtjg
@$ /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno a8ufpF v}/xgL g=kf=–!), lrtjg
@% >L /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno 6'ª\uf/f v}/xgL g=kf=–#, lrtjg
@^ >L s[i0f ;fgf ls;fg cfwf/e"t ljBfno v}/xgL g=kf=–!@, lrtjg
@& /fli6«o cfwf/e"t ljBfno s'gf3f/L v}/xgL g=kf=–$, lrtjg
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
lqmofsnfklqmofsnfk
• tkfOF{{ a;]sf] 7fpF j/k/sf] ljBfno s:tf] 5 < sIffdf ;fyLx?;Fu 5nkmn
ug{'xf];\ .
• tkfO{Fsf] j8fleqsf ljBfnosf] ;"rL agfO{ ltgsf] :yfkgf ldlt, ;+:yfkssf]
gfd;lxt sIffdf k|:t't ug{g'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgLsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;af/] hfgsf/ JolQmnfO{ pkl:yt u/fP/
hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 7
!= tnsf k|Zgxsf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
-s_ z}lIfs Oltxf; eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ z}lIfs Oltxf;sf] cWoogaf6 s] kmfObf x'G5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
-u_ v}/xgLsf] z}lIfs Oltxf;df tTsfnLg ;dosf cu|hx?sf] of]ubfg af/]
n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ ‘Oltxf; ljutsf] bk{0f xf] .Ú o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug{'xf];\
-ª_ v}/xgLsf] z}lIfs Oltxf; af/] kfFr j6f a'Fbfdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
@= vfnL 7fFpdf ldNg] zAb eg{'xf];\ .
-s_ lzIff hLjgko{Gt rln/xg] ================ xf] .
-v_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf ;fd'bflos dfWolds ljBfnodf ;a}eGbf k'/fgf]
================ xf] .
-u_ k|fOd]/L :s'nnfO{ ============== ;fndf v}/xgL ufpFdf ;fl/of] .
-3_ lj=;+=@)@^ ;fnsf] gfkLn] ljBfnosf] gfddf ================ lj3f & sÝf
hUuf dfq sfod ul/lbof] .
cEof;
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• tkfO{Fsf] ufpFdf /x]sf a"9fkfsfx?nfO{ e]6L tkfO{sf] ljBfnosf] z}lIfs Oltxf;
af/] ;fdfu|L ;+sng ug{'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
8
:yfgLo snf / ;+:s[lt
PsfO–@
• v}/xgLsf rf8kj{x?
• xfd|f kf];fs
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 9
#
g]kfn ax'hflt, ax'eflifs tyf ax';f+:s[lts b]z xf] . oxfF ;a} hfltx?sf cf–cfˆg}
;f+:s[lts rf8kj{x? /x]sf 5g\ . v}/xgL gu/df klg ljleGg hfthfltsf] a;f]af; /x]sfn]
oxfF hfltcg';f/sf ljljw kj{x? dgfpg] ub{5g\ . tL x/]s kj{x?df ljleGg 7fpFdf d]nf
nfUg] ub{5 . oxfFsf clwsfFz hfthfltn] dfGg] / ;f]xL lbg d]nf nfUg] dxŒjk"0f{ kj{x?sf
af/]df xfdLn] cWoog ub{}5f}F .
-s_ b;}F
b;}+ jf a8f b;}F -cGo gfdM bzx/f, ljhof bzdL, gf}/yf, gj/flq k"hf_
g]kfnLx?sf] k|d'v rf8 xf] . /fli6«o rf8 ;d]t dlgg] b;}F -gf}/yf_ lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx?n]
cflZjg dlxgfsf] z'Sn k|ltkbfsf lbgb]lv gjdL;Dd -gf}/yf_ zlQmsf] cf/fwgf u/L bzf}F
lbg laxfg bzdLsf lbg cfkm"eGbf 7"nf dfGohgx?sf] xftaf6 6Lsf–k|;fb u|x0f u/]/ ljz]if
?kdf k"l0f{df;Dd dgfpg] ub{5g\ . cflZjg z'Sn k|ltkbf -36:yfkgf_ df hd/f /fvL
v}/xgLsf rf8kj{x?
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
10
gjdL;Dd gf}/yf ljlwn] k|To]s lbg km/s km/s b]jLx?sf] k"hf x'G5 . k|ltkbfb]lv qmdzM
z}nk'qL, a|Xdrfl/0fL, rG›3G6f, s'idf08f, :sGbdftf, sfTofogL, sfn/fqL, dxfuf}/L, l;l4wfqL
u/L gjb'uf{sf] k"hf ub}{ ;KtztL -r08L_ kf7 u/L gj b'uf{ / t[zQmL dxfsfnL, dxfnIdL /
dxf;/:jtLsf] ljz]if k"hfcfhf / cf/fwgf ul/G5 .
v}/xgL gu/leq a;f]af; ug]{ lxGb'x?n] b;}+ x;f]{Nnf;sf ;fy dgfpF5g\ . 7"nfaf6
cfzLj{fb lng] tyf ;fgfnfO{ cfzLj{fb lbg] o; rf8n] kfl/jfl/s e]63f6 tyf ;DaGw k|uf9
agfpg dbt u/]sf] x'G5 .
-v_ ltxf/
lxGb' wdf{jnDaLx?sf] b;}F kl5sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] kj{ ltxf/ xf] . of] kj{ sflt{s s[i0f
kIf qof]bzLsf lbg sfu ltxf/sf] gfdn] ;'? eP/ sflt{s z'Sn kIfsf] låtLof ltlysf]
efO6Lsf;Dd -kfFr lbg_ dgfOG5 . kfFr lbg;Dd dgfOg] ePsfn] o;nfO{ odk~rs klg
elgG5 . of] kfFr lbj;Lo kj{ ljz]if u/L g]kfndf dgfOG5 . lxGb" wdf{jnDjLn] bLkfjnL
-lbjfnL_sf] ?kdf o; kj{nfO{ w"dwfd;fy dgfpF5g\ . o;nfO{ bLkfjnL clg lbjfnL gfdn]
klg lrlgG5 . od/fhn] cfˆgL alxgL od'gfsf 3/df cfltYo u|x0f u/]sf] x'gfn] oL kfFr
lbgnfO{ odk~rs elgPsf] 5 . odk~rsdf qmdzM sfu, s's'/, ufO{, nIdL, uf]jw{g / efO k"hf
ul/G5 . v}/xgL gu/leq klg ltxf/df lkª v]Ng], bLkfjnL ug]{ / b]p;Le}nf] v]Nb} efOl6sf
nufP/ ;]n/f]6L cflb ldi7fGg vfO{ /dfOnf] u/L ltxf/ dgfpg] ul/G5 .
-u_ tLh
tLh g]kfnL lxGb' gf/Lx?sf] ljz]if kj{ xf] . of] kj{ efb| z'Sn t[tLofsf] lbg kb{5 .
o; lbg gf/Lx? dfq pkjf; a;L j|t lnG5g\ . o; lbg sltko gf/Lx? t kfgL klg gvfO{
j|t a:5g\ . ljjfx gePsfn] OR5fPsf] j/ k|fKt ug]{ / ljjflxtn] cv08 ;f}efUosf]
sfdgf;lxt dxfb]j tyf kfj{tLsf] k"hf u/L dgfpF5g\ . o; lbg v}/xgLsf ljleGg 7fpFdf
d]nf nfUg] ub{5 . oxfF ljljw ;fF:s[lts sfo{qmd tyf v]ns'bsf] cfof]hgf ul/G5 . oxfF
;a} ju{ ;d'bfosf dlxnfx? hDdf eP/ tLh dgfpg] ub{5g\ . xl/tflnsf tLh b/fO{ hftsf
gf/Lx?n] sh/L lthsf gfdn] dgfpg] ub{5g\ .
-3_ lhltof
lhltof kj{ g]kfnsf t/fO{ e"efusf yf? ;d'bfon] dgfpg] ljz]if kj{ xf] . cr]n o;
kj{sf] nf]slk|otf a9]sf sf/0f ;a} hfthflt ;Fu} ldn]/ xiff]{Nnf;sf ;fy dgfpg] ul/G5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 11
c;f]h s[i0f ;KtdLsf lbg ;'? eO{ gjdL;Dd tLg lbg of] kj{ dgfOG5 . dlxnfx? cfˆgf
>Ldfg\ / ;Gtfgsf] ;'v–;d[l4 tyf pGglt–k|ultsf] sfdgf ub}{ bL3f{o' hLjgsf nflu a8f]
>4fefjsf ;fy lhltof kj{ dgfpg] ub{5g\ .
lhltof kj{ dgfpg ljjflxt dlxnfx?nfO{ dfOt af]nfOG5 . tLg lbg;Dd dgfOg] o;
kj{sf] klxnf] lbg cyf{t\ c;f]h s[i0f ;KtdLnfO{ …nxf vfO{Ú -g'xfpg] / vfg]_ jf …d5'jf/LÚ
elgG5 . o; ljz]if lbgdf j|t ug]{ dlxnfx? :gfg ug{sf lgldQ kljq wd{s'08, kf]v/L jf
gbLsf lsgf/df hfg] u5{g\ . :gfg klg ljlwjt tl/sfn] g} u5{g\ . :gfg ug{'k"j{ tf]l/sf] lkgf
-v/L_ / tf]/Lsf] t]n l3/f}Fnfsf kftdf /fvL kfgLdf aufpg] u5{g\ . o;/L P]ltxfl;s dfGotf
af]s]sf kf]yL lrn / :ofn -lrNxf] / ;]/f]_ nfO{ j|t a:gsf nflu lgDtf] lbPsf] ljZjf;
ul/G5 . g'xfO{ w'jfO{ u/L 3/ cfO;s]kl5 vfgfdf ljz]if ?kdf df5f / d?jf -sf]bf]_ sf] /f]6L
vfg] ul/G5 . o; ljlwnfO{ nxf vfO elgG5 .
lhltofsf] bf];|f] lbgnfO{ pkf; jf j|t a:g] lbg elgG5 . lbgsf] ;'?jft x'g' cufj}
/ftd} j|t a:g] dlxnfx?df b/ vfg] rng 5 . j|tfn'x? l3/f}Fnf jf s]/fsf] kftdf ljz]if u/L
bxL lrp/f / kmnk"mnsf] ef]u sfu s/fpg' cufj} u5{g\ ;fy} cfˆgf ;GtfgnfO{ klg v'jfpg]
u5{g\ . lbgsf] ;'?jft;Fu} j|t ;'? x'G5 . dlxnfx? ci6dLsf laxfgb]lv gjdLsf laxfg;Dd
lgh{n j|t a:g] u5{g\ . uNtLn] lha|f] klg 6f]lsof] jf s'g} ;fwf/0f j:t' -3fF;, k/fn cflb_
klg tf]l8of] eg] j|t eË ePsf] dflgG5 . o;} sf/0fn] o; kj{nfO{ v/lhltof klg elgG5 .
pkjf;sf] lbg a]n'lskv cfˆgf 6f]n l5d]sLdf a|tfn'x? hDdf eO{ ufpFsf
a'9fkfsfx?af6 lhltof / hLtjxfgsf] syf ;'lg;s]kl5 kmnxf/ ug{] ub{5g\ . kj{sf] t];|f]
cyjf clGtd lbgnfO{ kf/g elgG5 . o; lbg laxfg ;a]/} p7L dlxnfx? gbLsf lsgf/df uO{
:gfg ug]{ u5{g\ . o; lbg :gfg u/]/ gbLsf] lsgf/df lhtjxfgsf] lg/fsf/ k|ltd'tL{ :yfkgf u/L
l;Gb'/, sfhn, hfFs'/ / a]nkq r9fpF5g\ . tTkZrft\ 3/ cfO{ k"hfdf k|of]u ul/Psf cIftf,
hfFs'/, g}jb tyf kmnk"mn ;]jg u/L j|t 6'ª\Uofpg] sfo{ ub{5g\ .
-ª_ odf];f kj{M
odf];f jf oDjf;f ælrtjg lhNnfsf yf? ;d'bfon] dgfpg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ rf8 xf] .
o; rf8df yf? ;d'bfosf ;Dk"0f{ JolQmx?n] lkt[x?nfO{ tk{0f ug]{ ub{5g\ / pQm lbg cf}+;L
kg]{ ePsf]n] o; kj{nfO{ lkt[cf}+;L klg elgG5 . of] kj{ c;f]h dlxgfsf] cf}+;Lsf] lbg kb{5 .
bz}+sf] 36:yfkgfsf] 7Ls cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{ odf];f elgG5. odf];f kj{ b'O{ lbg w'dwfd;Fu
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
12
dgfOG5 . odf];fsf] cl3Nnf] lbgnfO{ d5'jf/L -df5f dfg]{_ elgG5 . csf]{ lbg cyf{t
odf];fsf] lbg laxfg} k'?ifx? cfkm"n] b]v]sf bfeL -l;?_ sf6L NofpF5g\ . To;nfO{ s]nfP/
s/La Ps xft nfdf] s'rf] agfO{ wf]O{ kvfn]/ 3/ cufl8 ufO{sf] uf]a/n] kf]t]sf] 7fpdf lksf{
jf s'rL{df pQm l;?sf] d'7f /fvL lkt[ :yfkgf ul/G5 . To;nfO{ yf? efiffdf ækx'gL a]7f]OÆ
elgG5 . kx'gLnfO{ ljleGg y/Lsf km"nx?n] l;+ufl/G5 . 3fd gnfuf];\ egL 5ftf jf 5ltof
cf]9fOG5 . kx'gLsf] cufl8 Njfª, ;'sd]n, kfg, ;'kf/L, ;'tL{, r'/f]6, /S;L / kfgL /flvG5 .
To; lbg laxfg} afnaRrfb]lv a'9fa'9L ;a}hgf g'xfO{ s'zkfgLn] lkt[u0fnfO{ tk{0f ul/G5 .
To;a]nf xftdf s'z lnO{ kfgL r9fpFb} æn] /] Û a'af kfgLÛ n] l/ Û labfcf] kfgLÛÆ eGb} d[To'
e};s]sf lkt[u0f, xh'/af / xh'/cfdfsf] d[t cfTdfnfO{ tk{0f ul/G5. g'xfOw'jfO ul/;s]kl5
gofF sk8f jf ;kmf sk8f nufP/ kx'gLsf] cufl8 a;]/ k|To]sn] /S;L / kfgLsf] s]xL yf]kf
r9fpg] ul/G5 . To;nfO{ 5fsL r9f]O{ elgG5 . To;kl5 dfq vfglkg z'? x'G5. ;j{k|yd
5f]/L–HjfOF jf s'g} kfx'gf af]nfO{ vflt/bf/Lsf;fy rf}/f;L Jo~hg v'jfOG5 . o;/L kfx'gfnfO{
v'jfpg'nfO{ ælkt/L a]7f]O{Æ elgG5 . kfx'gfnfO{ v'jfO;s]kl5 dfq cfkm"n] vfg] ul/G5. otf
s]6Lx?n] kfx'gfsf] skfndf t]n nufO{ sfOFof]n] sf]/Llbg] ul/G5 . To;kl5 ;kmf pN6f] gfª\nf]df
kfgL /fvL kfx'gfnfO{ 5Ds]/ lztntf k|bfg ul/G5 . To;nfO{ ælklTkqfog v]bO{Æ elgG5 .
pQm lbg 3/df hf] sf]xL cfP klg kfx'gf g} elgG5 / kfx'gfnfO{ v'jfP/} k7fpg'k5{. odf];fsf]
lbg kfx'gfnfO{ lkt[u0fsf] ?kdf x]l/G5 . o;/L vfglkg lbgel/ g} rln/xG5 . ptf ufpFsf
;a}hgf Ps}7fpFdf e]nf eO{ lkª v]n]/ -a/xf em'ns]_ /dfOnf] ul/G5 .
-r_ dxflzj/flq
dxflzj/flq cyjf lzj/fqL lxGb'x?sf] k|d'v rf8 xf] . of] eujfg lzjsf]
k|d'v kj{ xf] . eujfg lzjsf] pTklQ ePsf] /ftsf gfdaf6 gfds/0f ePsf] of] kj{
sfn/flq, df]x/flq, ;'v/flq / lzj/flq gfds rf/ k|d'v /flq dWo] Ps kljq kj{sf
?kdf k'/f0fx?df jl0f{t 5 . kmfNu'g s[i0f rt'b{zLsf lbg dgfOg] o; kj{nfO{ ;Dk"0f{
bLg b'MvL / si6k"0f{ cj:yfdf /x]sf k|f0fLx?sf] Åbodf wd{sf] pbo u/fpg]
cfz'tf]if eujfg\ lzjsf] clt Kof/f] lbgsf ?kdf klg lnOg] ul/G5 . j|t pT;j dWo]
;jf]{Qd sxlnPsf] dxflzj/flqsf lbg eQmhgx?n] z'4 eO{ lzj dlGb/df k"hf–cr{gf u/L
j|t a:g] / eujfg\ lzjsf] lk|o j:t' b"w, wt'/f] / a]nkq r9fpg] ub{5g\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 13
o; lbg v}/xgLsf lzjfnox?df lzjsf] ljz]if k"hf tyf ehg lst{g x'G5 .
v}/xgLsf] P]ltxfl;s lzjdlGb/ nf]xf];]wf/f afaf wfddf ljz]if d]nf nfUb5 . oxfF v}/xgLsf
dfq geP/ cGo kflnsfaf6 klg eSthgsf] eL8 x'G5 . lbge/L k"hf cfhf tyf /fte/ ehg
lst{g u/L lzj/fqL dgfOG5 .
-r_ 7"nL PsfbzL
xl/af]lwgL PsfbzL jif{df kg]{ rf}aL; j6f PsfbzL dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] Pj+ dxŒjk"0f{
PsfbzL xf] . To;}n] o;nfO{ 7"nL PsfbzL klg elgG5 . lxGb' wd{df PsfbzLnfO{ eujfg\
lji0f'sf] pkf;gf ug]{ kj{sf] ?kdf lnOG5 . cfiff9 z'Sn PsfbzLsf] lbg IfL/ ;fu/df
;'Tg'ePsf eujfg lji0f' o;}lbg p7\g' x'g] k'/f0fx?df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . o;}sf/0f klg o;
lbgnfO{ xl/af]lwgL PsfbzL elgPsf] xf] eGg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . o; lbg ul/g] :gfg, bfg, tk
cflb ;a} sfo{ cIfo kmnbfoL x'g] s'/f ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 .
cfiff9z'Sn PsfbzLsf] lbg -rt'df{;sf] cf/Dedf_ cfcfˆgf] 3/df /f]lkPsf]
t'n;LnfO{ ljz]if k"hf u/L kLkn;Fu ljjfx ul/lbg] k/Dk/f /lx cfPsf] 5 . ef]lnkN6
åfbzLsf] lbg t'n;Lsf] ljz]if k"hg;Fu} gjfGg -gofF cGg_ sf] xjg u/L rt'df{;el/ lji0f' jf
lji0f'lk|ofsf] ?kdf k"hf ul/Psf] t'n;Lsf] lj;h{g ul/G5 .
o; lbg v}/xgLsf] j8f gDa/ & l:yt dem'O{df d]nf nfUg] / a|Xd:yfgLdf k"hf
ug]{, kmnfxf/ vfg] / t'n;Lsf] ljjfx ug]{ rng 5 . oxfF ljleGg v]nsf k|ltof]lutf tyf
;f+:s[lts sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf ul/G5 .
v}/xgL gu/kflnsf If]qdf cgGt rt'b{zL, ;f]x/fO{ ot/fO{, !% k'if, df3];ª\j|mflGt÷lvr/f
cflb klg dgfOg] ul/G5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] xfd|f ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfx?sf] ;+/If0fsf
nflu /x]s jif{ ljleGg ljljw sfo{qmdx? ub{} cfPsf] 5 . oxfFsf x/]s wd{ / hfthfltsf
cf:yfnfO{ ;Ddfg ub{} ;lxi0f'tfsf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . x/]s jif{ gu/kflnsfsf ljleGg
7fpFdf b;}F ljz]if sfo{qmd, ltxf/ tyf 57 ljz]if sfo{qmd tLh tyf lhltof ljz]if sfo{qmd,
d7dlGb/sf] ;/;kmfO, /Ë/f]ug h:tf sfdx? ub{} cfPsf] 5 . xfdL ;a}n] gu/kflnsfsf] o:tf
sfdnfO{ ;3fpFb} hfg'kb{5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
14
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfleq a;f]af; ug{] dflg;x?n] k/Dk/fb]lv dgfpFb} cfPsf s]xL
d'Vo rf8kj{x?sf] kl/ro lgDgfg';f/ lbOPsf] 5 M
j|m=;+= Rff8kj{sf] gfd rf8kj{ dgfpg] ;do
!= j}zfv] ;ª\s|flGt j}zfv ! ut]
@= dftftLy{ cf}F;L j}zfv
#= cIfo t[tLo j}zfv
$= a'4 hoGtL j}zfv h]7
%= O{b–pn lkmt/ h]7
^= l;7L gvM h]7–c;f/
&= xl/zogL PsfbzL c;f/
*= ;fpg] ;ª\s|lGt ;fpg
(= af;L gfRn] ;fpg
!)= uyf+d'uMrMx] ;fpg
!!= gfuk~rdL ;fpg
!@= Obpn hf]xf ;fpg
!#= hg}k"l0f{df÷SjfF6L vfg]÷ufOhfqf ;fpg–ebf}
!$= >Ls[i0fhGdfi6dL ebf}
!%= a'afsf] d'v x]g]{÷s';]cf}F;L ebf}
!^= xl/tflnsf tLh ebf}
!&= otjf/L ebf}
!*= b;}F c;f]h÷sflt{s
!(= odf];f c;f]h
@)= lhltof c;f]h s[i0f kIf
@!= ltxf/÷;f]xf]/fO{ sflt{s÷dª\l;/
@@= DxMk"hf sflt{s÷dª\l;/
@#= xl/af]lwgL PsfbzL sflt{s÷dª\l;/
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 15
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• tkfO{Fn] s'g s'g rf8kj{ dgfpg'x'G5 < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ / sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
• tkfOF{{nfO{ dg k/]sf] s'g} Ps rf8kj{sf] af/]df n]v]/ sIffdf ;fyLx?;Fu 5nkmn
ug{'xf];\ .
• v}/xgLdf dgfOg] lvr/f, df3L, kmu'jf, ;fpg] ;ª\s|flGt / ufO{hfqf kj{sf] kl/ro,
ljz]iftf / dgfpg] tl/sfaf/] cnu cnu ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgLdf dgfOg] rf8kj{sf af/]df tflnsf agfpg nufO{ sIffdf
6fF:g nufpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgLdf dgfOg] rf8kj{x?sf af/]df j0f{g u/L pgLx?nfO{
;f+:s[lts dxŒjsf] kl/ro u/fpg'xf];\ .
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
j|m=;+= Rff8kj{sf] gfd rf8kj{ dgfpg] ;do
@$= afnfrt'b{zL dª\l;/÷k';
@%= of]d/L k'lGx dª\l;/÷k';
@^= td' Nxf];f/ k';
@&= >L:j:yfgL a|t k';÷df3
@*= Dff3];ªs|flGt÷lvr/f df3
@(= j;Gtk~rdL÷>Lk~rdL df3
#)= dxflzj/fqL kmfu'g
#!= kmfu'k"l0f{df÷kmu'jf kmfu'g
#@= /fdgjdL÷r}t njdL r}q
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
16
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] vfnL :yfgdf pko'St zAb eg{'xf];\ M
-s_ dftftLy{ cf}F;L ================== dlxgfdf k5{ .
-v_ a'4hoGtL =================== sf lbg dgfOG5 .
-u_ DxMk"hf dgfpg] hflt ===================== xf] .
-3_ ================== x?n] Obpn hf]xf dgfpF5g\ .
-ª_ c;f]h s[i0f ;KtdLnfO{================ klg elgG5 .
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ v}/xgLdf sltcf]6f rf8kj{x? dgfOG5g\ <
-v_ ;a}eGbf a9L rf8kj{x? s'g dlxgfdf kbf{]/x]5 <
-u_ rf8kj{ dgfpFbf x''g] kmfObfaf/] n]Vg'xf];\ .
-3_ dftftLy{ cf}F;L / s'z]cf}F;Ldf s] km/s 5 <
#= lbOPsf] kj{÷dxf]T;j / vfgfsf] af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .
cEof;
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 17
cfh >L dfWolds ljBfno uj}df sIff–& sf] ;fdflhs ljifodf /x]sf] xfd|f
kf];fssf] af/]df u'?cfdfn] o;af/] 5nkmn eO/x]sf] 5 . pgLx? lar ePsf] s'/fsfgL o;
k|sf/ 5 M
u'?cfdf M n ;'g t Û xfd|f] b]z ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s, ax';f+:s[lts d'n's xf] . xfd|f]
;dfhdf hflt cg';f/ e]ife"iff klg km/s km/s /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] sIffdf klg
cfcfˆg} vfnsf] hfltsf] kf];fs /x]sf] 5 . ca tkfO{x?n] klg cfˆgf]
hfltsf] kf];fssf] af/]df atfpg ;Sg'x'g] 5 Û
lzjfgL M u'?cfdf Û xfdL yf? hflt xf}+ . xfdLn] nufpg] kf];fs cfˆg} hflt;Fu
;lDalGwt 5 . yf? hfltsf] dlxnfn] nufpg] rf]nf], ;f8L, ;]tf] cf3/fg
-:sfkm{_, k]6fgL xf] eg] k'¿ifn] wf]tL / s'tf{ / dbf{gL -wf]tL_, sldh, nuf}6L
e]u'jf -wf]tL_ / ;]tf] km]6f xf] .
$
xfd|f kf];fs
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
18
u'?cfdf M yf? hfltsf] u/uxgfsf] gfd klg atfpg ;S5f} t < lzjfgL Û
lzjfgL M xfd|f] yf? hfltdf nufpg] u/uxgfsf] gfd klg eGg hfb}5' . 3fF6Ldf nufpg]
xF;'nL -rfFbLsf] uf]nfsf/ uxgf_, rstL -k};fsf] dfnfsf] xf/_ rg/xf/L
-nfdf] / r]K6] cfsf/sf] dfnf_, sgkm'n -sfgdf nufpg]_, dlG6sf -l;/df
nufpg]_ u'8x'nf -kfpdf nufpg]_ 88sf;f -sDd/df nufpg]_ 6f8L -kfv'/fdf
nufpg]_ cflb ;a} dlxnfsf u/uxgf x'g lg d]8d Û
u'?cfdf M /fh' Û eg t ltd|f] b/fO{ hfltsf] kf];fs / u/uxgfsf] gfd s] s] xf] lg <
/fh' M b/fO{ hfltsf] klg cfˆg} kf];fs / u/uxgf /x]sf] 5 . k'?ifn] nufpg] kf];fsdf
sfnf] 6f]kL, k6'sf-;]tf] sk8f_, dlxnfn] k|of]u ug]{ kf];fsdf l56sf] n'ËL
-ws{] sfnf] n'ËL_, em'nf -Anfph_, k]l6sf]6, uf]/f] k6'sf -;]tf] k6'sf_, sfgdf
nufpg] sgf{km"n -uxgf_, xfdf{nf -3fF6Ldf nufpg] dfnf_, rfFbLsf] afnf,
l6s'nL -lgwf/ dfly nufpg] uxgf_, xfts cf}F7L -rfFbLsf] cf}7L_, u'nu'nfxf
-v'§fdf nufpg]_ cflb u/uxgf /x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
u'?cfdf M du/ hfltsf] kf];fssf] af/]df 8f]Ndf gfgLn] s]xL atfpg vf]lhPsL 5] < ;'gf}
t Û
8f]Ndf M du/ hfltsf] klg cfˆg} kf];fs / u/uxgf /x]sf] 5 . k'?ifn] 6f]kL -efª\
u|f_ tf}lnof h:tf], s5f8, v'k]{6f] xf] eg] dlxnfn] n'ËL, rf]nL, k6'sL, k5f}/L,
s07]dfnf, l;/aGbL, v'k]{6f], 3fF6Ldf unaGwL nufPsf] kfOG5 .
u'?cfdf M o;/L g} ljleGg hghfltx?sf] kf];fs /x]sf] kfOG5 . of] hfltsf] klxrfg
xf] . xfd|f] hfltut kf];fsn] g} xfdLnfO{ ljZj;fd' lrgfPsf] 5 . o;nfO{
arfpg' xfd|f] bfloTj xf] .
lzjfgL M sltko hfltx?sf] kf];fs nf]k x'g yfn]sf] kfOG5 . o;nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ s]
s] ug{' knf{ lg <
u'?cfdf M tkfO{Fx?n] /fd|f] k|Zg ug'{eof] . o;nfO{ ;+/If0f ug{ o; af/] gofF k':tfnfO{
a'emfpg], rf8kj{, pT;j cflbdf cfˆgf] kf];fsnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg], ljleGg
kf];fssf] k|bz{gL ug]{, cfˆgf] kf];fssf] af/]df vf]hL ug{ nufpg] cflb sfo{
u/]df dfq o;sf] ;+/If0f x'g ;S5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 19
ljBfyL{ M xfdLnfO{ ljleGg hfltx?sf kf];fssf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbg' ePsf]df
u'?cfdfnfO{ w]/} w]/} wGojfb Û
u'?cfdf M tkfO{Fx?nfO{ klg w]/} w]/} wGojfb Û clg cfˆgf] kf];fsnfO{ dfof ug{ ge'Ng'
xf]nf x} Û
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ ljleGg hfthflt / pgLx?n] ckgfpg] k];f ;DaGwL ljj/0f
k|bz{g u/fpg'xf];\ .
lqmofsnfklqmofsnfk
• cfˆgf cleefjs;Fu ;f]w]/ df}lns klxrfg lbg] kf];fs / u/uxgfsf] lrq ;ª\sng
u/L sIffdf k|bz{g ug{'xf];\ .
• ljBfnodf s'g} ljz]if lbg ljBfyL{sf k/Dk/fut kf]zfsdf pkl:yt eO{ kf]zfs ;DaGwL
kl/rofTds sfo{qmd cfof]hgf ug{'xf];\ .
cEof;
!= tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfosf dflg;n] nufpg] e]ife"iffsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
@= xfdLn] xfd|f] df}lns ;+:s[lt lsg hf]ufpg' kb{5 <
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• :yfgLo :t/df /x]sf e]ife"iffsf] gfd l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
20
:yfgLo ko{6g
PsfO–#
%
• v}/xgLsf ko{6sLo :ynx?
• yf? ;+:s[lt / ko{6g
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 21
%
v}/xgLsf ko{6sLo :ynx?
v}/xgL gu/kflnsf ko{6gsf]
nflu /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] If]q dfGg]
ul/G5 . g]kfnsf] t];|f] 7"nf] ko{6sLo
If]q ;f}/fxf h'g o; gu/kflnsf;Fu
hf]l8Psf] 5 . o; If]qdf ;ft j6f
;fd'bflos jg, b/fO{ af]6] tfn, em08f
kfs{, s'rs'r] lr;fkfgL, s+sfnL
lkslgs :k6, s+sfnL dfO{sf] dlGb/, l5Ds]Zj/L dftfsf] dlGb/, l8HgL kfs{, xl/ofnL kfs{,
rr{, u'Daf cflb /xg'sf] ;fy} xf]6n, nh, xf]d :6] / ;f+:s[lts g[Ton] ubf{ of] gu/kflnsfdf
kof{ko{6gsf] 7"nf] ;Defagf af]s]sf] kfOG5 . o; If]qnfO{ cem} kof{ko{6gsf nflu of]hgfj4
?kdf cufl8 a9fpg' kg]{ vfFrf] b]lvG5 . oxfFsf s]xL ko{6sLo :ynx?sf] af/]df tn rrf{
ul/Psf] 5 .
!= s'rs'r] ;fd'bflos jg M of] jg v}/xgL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !) / !! df /fKtL gbLsf]
8\ofd / v}/xgL /fli6o lgs'~h;Fu} /x]sf] 5 . of] ;fd'bflos jgn] !!)=#% x]S6/ If]qkmn
cf]u6]sf] 5 . o; jgdf Ps l;+Ë] u}+8fsf] nflu k|l;4 dflgG5 . o; jgdf lr;f kfgL,
b]jLyfgsf] dlGb/, em/em/] em/gf, lhk ;kmf/L, k}bn dfu{, r/f cjnf]sg, hLjhgfj/sf]
cjnf]sg, ljleGg hl8a'6Lsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg k|fs[lts cjnf]sgsf] b[Zo, ;]NkmL 8f]sf]
:yn, tfntn}of cflb /x]sf] 5 . o; jgsf] 5]pdf s07]Zj/L / b]jLyfg ;fd'bflos jg /x]sf]
5 .
@= s+sfnL ;fd'bflos jg M of] jg ;fljs r}gk'/ uf=lj=;= sf] pQ/k"j{df dxfef/t kj{t
>[+vnf km]bLdf /x]sf] 5 . o; jgnfO{ s+sfnL 8fF8f]sf] ?kdf klg lrGg ;lsG5 . o; jgn]
&^)=&% x]S6/ If]qkkmn cf]u6]sf] 5 . of] jgsf] dflyNnf] efu cUnf] / rf/}tkm{ le/fnf],
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
22
vf]N;f tyf 8fF8f /x]sf] 5 . o; jgdf s+sfnL lkslgs :kf]6{, s+sfnL b]jLsf] dlGb/,
eUgfjz]ifx?sf] cjnf]sg, 6fj/af6 b[Zo cjnf]sg, k|fs[lts k}bn ofqf, r/f cjnf]sg,
lrl8of 3/, nsg yfkf ;+u|fxfno ejg, ljleGg hLjhgfj/ / 9'Ëfx?sf] cfs[ltsf] cjnf]sg
cflbsf] cfsif{s s]G› ag]sf] 5 .
#= s+sfnL dfO{sf] dlGb/ M s+sfnL dlGb/df k/fk"j{s sfnb]lv g} k"hfkf7 ub}{ cfPsf]
kfOG5 . ha k"hfkf7df u8a9L ePsf] v08df clgi6 eO{ lbpF;} af3 s/fpF5 eGg] egfO
klg /x]sf] kfOG5 . bz}+, r}+t] bz}+, afnfrt'b{zL{, gofF jif{ cflbdf dflg;x?sf] k"hfkf7 ug{
3'FOrf] nfu]sf] kfOG5 . o; If]qdf clxn] cfGtl/s / afXo ko{6sx?sf] nflu s]G› ljGb'
ag]sf] 5 . of] dlGb/ nueu ;d'G› ;txaf6 %%) ld6/sf] prfOdf cjl:yt 5 / oxfFsf]
/d0fLo jftfj/0f, wfld{s dxŒj / k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{n] s}of}F tLy{ ofqLx?nfO{ cfslif{t ub{5 .
leqL dw]zsf] ;Dd k/]sf] e"efueGbf k[ys ljz]iftf af]s]sf] o; jg If]qdf /x]sf] s+sfnL
b]jLsf] dlGb/ k"j{ klZrd /fhdfu{df /x]sf] k;f{ ahf/af6 sl/a ;f9] ;ft lsnf]ld6/ pQ/tkm{
kb{5 . s+sfnL ;fd'bflos jg leqsf] o; s+sfnL b]jLsf] dlGb/ nueu k|j]zåf/af6 8]9
b'O{ 306fsf] lxF8fO kZrft k'Ug ;lsG5 . o; dlGb/sf] :yfkgf slxn] ePsf] xf] eGg] Plsg
ldlt yfxf geP klg o; v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] r}gk'/df dfgj a;f]af;sf] ;'?jft ;Fu} o;
dlGb/sf] :yfkgf ePsf] dfGg ;lsG5 .
o; dlGb/ hfg] qmddf af6f]df ljleGg lsl;dsf af]6la?jfx? h:t}M ;fn, vo/,
l;;f}, l;dn, wo]F/f], enfof], cdnf h:tf e]6\g ;lsG5 eg] hª\undf yfsnsf] 3f/L klg
kfpg ;lsG5 . o; hª\undf ljleGg hgfj/x? h:t} af3, afFb/, aFb]n, lrt'jf, d[u, :ofn
cflbn] cfˆgf] af;:yfg agfPsf 5g\ . To;}u/L ljleGg r/fr'?ËLx? wg]z, do'/, lra], sfu,
;'uf, ;f/fF} cflbsf] lr/la/fj6n] x/]ssf] dg lht]sf x'G5g\ .
hª\unsf] r'r'/f]df /x]sf] s+sfnL dlGb/sf] cfkm\g} dxŒj / ljz]iftf /x]sf] 5 . o;
dlGb/df k|To]s jif{ wfGo k"l0f{df kl5sf] k~rdLsf] lbg aQL afNg], /ftel/ hfu|fd a:g]
u/]df cfˆgf] dgsfdgf l;4 x'g] hgljZjf; /x]sf] 5 . lrtjg lhNnfsf ljleGg efuaf6
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 23
of] dlGb/df aQL afNg, hfqf x]g{ tyf bz{g ug{ >4fn' eQmhgx?sf] cf]O/f] nfUb5 . log}
b]jLsf] gfdaf6 s+sfnL ;fd'bflos jg, s+sfnL dfWolds ljBfno, s+sfnL hn pkef]Qmf
;ldlt cflb ljleGg ;+:yfsf] gfds/0f ul/Psf] 5 . s+sfnL b]jLsf] dlGb/n] :yfgLo ;+:s[lt
/ k/Dk/fx?nfO{ ;d]t 6]jf k'¥ofPsf] 5 . xfd|f] gu/kflnsf If]qdf /x]sf o:tf wfld{s 7fpFx?
xfd|f ;Dkbf x'g\ To;}n] logLx?sf] ;+/If0f, ;Daw{g ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] .
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgLsf ljleGg ko{6sLo :ynx?sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
gu/kflnsf ;DaGwL o"6\o'j lel8of]÷Enu ;d]t k|bz{g u/fpg'xf];\ .
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
lqmofsnfklqmofsnfk
• tkfO{Fsf] If]qdf /x]sf s'g} b'O{j6f ko{6sLo :ynsf] k|rf/ k|;f/ tyf k|j4{gfTds sfddf
s;/L ;xof]u ug{ ;lsG5 < 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ v}/xgLdf ko{6sLo ;Defjgf 5 eGg] cfwf/ s] xf] <
-v_ s'rs'r] ;fd'bflos jgdf s]–s] s'/f x]g{ kfOG5 <
-u_ s+sfnL ;fd'bflos jg s] s'/fsf] nflu k|l;4 5 <
-3_ s+sfnL dfOsf] dlGb/ hfFbf s]–s] s'/f b]Vg kfOG5 <
@= tkfO{Fsf] If]qdf /x]sf] ko{6sLo :ynsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ug{ ;lsg] sfo{sf] ;"rL
agfpg'xf];\ .
#= v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf s'g} kfFr cf]6f ko{6sLo :ynsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= ko{6sLo :ynsf] s'g} kfFr cf]6f dxŒj n]Vg'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
24
^
yf¿ ;+:s[lt / ko{6g
efOalxgLx? Û xfdL lrtjgsf] v}/xgL
gu/kflnsfdf a;f]af; ug]{ gful/s xf}F .
v}/xgL gu/kflnsf ljleGg hfthfltx?sf]
;femf km"naf/L xf] . oxfFsf hfthfltx?sf]
cfcfˆg} rfnrng, /Lltl/jfh / ;+:s[lt
/x]sf] kfOG5 . v}/xgL gu/leq a;f]af; ug]{
hfthfltx?dWo] yf?x? oxfFsf cflbjf;L x'g\ . yf? hflt g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof cg';f/
rf}yf] 7"nf] hflt xf] . o; hfltsf] hg;ª\Vof @)&* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg';f/ !* nfv &
xhf/ ! ;o @$ /x]sf] 5 . h'g g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] ^=@ k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 . v}/xgL
gu/kflnsfdf eg] yf?sf] ;ª\Vof bf];|f] 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . oxfF yf?sf]
;ª\Vof !& xhf/ *^ /x]sf] 5 . h;df k'¿ifsf] ;ª\Vof * xhf/ @! 5 eg] dlxnfsf] ;ª\Vof
( xhf/ ^% 5 . e"ldk'q eg]/ ;d]t lrlgg] yf? hfltsf] ;+:s[ltaf/] cfh xfdL 5nkmn
u/f}F x} t Û
yf? hfltx? v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf ljleGg j8fx?df 5l/P/ a;]sf 5g\ . v}/xgL
gu/kflnsfsf !, %, ^, &, *, (, !), !!, !@, !# j8fx?df yf? hfltsf] afSnf] a:tL /x]sf]
kfOG5 . yf?x?sf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif tyf kz'kfng xf] . lxhf]cfh yf? ;d'bfosf dflg;x?
Jofkf/ Joj;fo, hflu/ tyf cGo k]zfdf klg ;+nUg /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fpFdf
a;f]jf; ug]{ yf? hfltsf 7fpFcg';f/ cfcfˆg} rfnrng /Lltl/jfh / ;+:sf/ /x]sf] kfOG5 .
xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsf If]qleq a;f]af; ug]{ yf? hfltn] klg cfˆg} ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt
dfGb} cfPsf 5g\ .
v}/xgLsf yf? ;d'bfosf] afnssf] hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf ;+:sf/sf cfˆg} /Lltl/jfh
5g\ . yf? ;d'bfodf aRrf hGdbf ;'Ts]/L dlxnfnfO{ laof]9L 5'ltxf/ ePsf] egL ;'Ts]/L
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 25
afb{5g\ . k/Dk/fcg';f/ aRrf hGdFbf hGd]sf] kfFr lbg, ;ft lbgdf ;'Ts]/L rf]Vofpg] -p7f]gL_
ub{5g\ . ;'Ts]/L rf]VofpFbf aRrf / cfdfnfO{ g'xfP/ ;kmf agfP/ ufO{sf] ux'Ft NofP/ z'4
agfOG5 . ;f]xL lbg a|fXd0f kl08t sxfF uO{ aRrfsf] hGd ;do cg';f/sf] gfd h'/fpg] rng
/x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L yf? Hffltn] ljjfx ubf{ s]6f kIfsf dfG5] s]6L kIf sxfF uO{ s]6f / s]6L
b'a} d~h'/ ePkl5 dfq ljjfxsf] 6'ª\uf] nufpg] ub{5g\ . ljjfxsf] 6'ª\uf] nfu]kl5 s]6Lsf
cfkmGtx? s]6fsf] 3/df uO{ vfglkg ug]{ rng 5 . nugsf lbg s]6f kIfsf cfkmGtx?;lxt
s]6Lsf] 3/df uP/ d08jdf wfld{s k/Dk/fcg';f/ ljjfx u/L a]x'nL Nofpg] rng 5 .
ljjfxdf 5f]/LnfO{ dfOtL kIfn] k/Dk/fcg';f/ labfO{ u/L k7fpF5g\ .
yf? hfltsf] k|d'v rf8kj{x? otjf/L, lhltof, odf];f, b;}+, ;f]x/fO, PsfbzL,
lvr/f, xf]nL÷kmu'jf, r}tnjdL cflb x'g\ . ljleGg rf8kj{df ;+:s[ltcg';f/ vfglkg u/L
z'esfdgf cfbfgk|bfg ub}{ /dfpg] ub{5g\ . pgLx?n] rf8kj{df ljz]if ld7f ld7f kl/sf/x?
agfpg] cfkmGtx?nfO{ af]nfP/ v'jfpg] /dfOnf] ug]{ ub{5g\ . olta]nf pgLx?n] lrRr/, gSu/
/f]6L, 3f]+3L, df5f df;', u+u6f nufotsf kl/sf/ agfpF5g\ . klxn] klxn] pgLx?n] efG;fdf
sf7 tyf df6fsf ef8fs'F8fx? a9L k|of]u ub{y] . ;do kl/jt{g;Fu} lxhf]cfh cfw'lgs
ef8fx? k|of]u ug{ yfn]sf 5g\ .
dlxnfx?n] lhltof kj{df gfrufg u/L emd6f kfb}{ /dfOnf] ug]{ rng 5 . rf8kj{df
yf? hfltsf dlxnfx?n] ;]tf] wf]tL / sfnf] Anfph nufpF5g\ . pgLx? 6fpsf]df dlG6sf,
3fF6Ldf x;'nL, rstL, gfsdf glyof, kmf]kmL, sfgdf em'Dsf, xftdf df7f, 6Fl8of, v'6\6fdf
u'8\x'nf h:tf uxgfdf ;lhG5g . k'?ifx?n] 6fpsf]df ;]tf] d'8]7f, ;]tf] sldh, s5f8
nufpF5g\ .
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf yf? ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] cfˆgf] nf]s;+:s[lt hu]gf{ ug{
ljleGg sfo{qmd ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 . d]8/L gfr, n7\7L gfr, lj/xgL gfr, 7]s/f, 8km', em//f,
em'd/L gfr cflb yf? hfltsf nf]slk|o gfr x'g\ . pgLx?n] km";{bsf] ;dodf lj/xgL
gfr, wfg yGSofpg] a]nfdf d]8/L gfr tyf lhltofdf emd6f kfg]{ ub{5g\ . To;}u/L ljleGg
sfo{qmddf dgf]/~hgsf nflu n7\7L gfr gfRg] ub{5g\ . 8Dkm", dfbn, 8'uL, tnjf, 9f]ns
cflb yf? ;d'bfosf k|d'v nf]safhfx? x'g\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
26
dflg; hGd]kl5 dg'{k5{ . d[To' ;+:sf/ klg ;a} hfthfltsf km/s km/s x'G5g\ .
xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf yf? hfltsf ;fdfGo dflg;x? d/]kl5 hnfpg] rng 5 .
nfdf] ;do;Dd k"hfcfhf, u'/f}jf sfd ug]{ ljz]if JolQmnfO{ eg] d/]kl5 uf8\g] ul/G5 . yf?
;d'bfosf] d[To' ;+:sf/ dlxnfsf] !# lbg, k'?ifsf] !@ lbg;Dd x'G5 . dfG5] dbf{ cfkmGtx?n]
h'7f] afg]{ ub{5g\ . pgLx?sf] ;+:sf/cg';f/ dfG5] dbf{ h'7f] afg]{ sfo{nfO{ 5'ltxf/ eGb5g\ .
ko{6gsf] ;f]emf] ;DaGw k|s[lt, ;+:s[lt / ;fxl;s ultljlw;Fu x'G5 . ko{6snfO{
;Gt'li6 k|bfg ug]{ ko{6sLo ;Dkbf k|s[lt / ;+:s[ltdf cfwfl/t x'G5g\ . o;y{ s'g} klg b]zsf]
ko{6g ljsf;sf nflu ToxfF /x]sf ;f+:s[lts Pj+ k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
dgf]/d k|s[ltn] el/k"0f{ ;'Gb/ b[Zojfnf]sg tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfo'Qm k/Dk/fut hLjgz}nL
/ ;fdflhs rfnrng ko{6ssf] dg lhTg] ljifo x'g\ . v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf yf? hfltdf
Pstfsf] efjgf /x]sf] kfOG5 . yf? ;d'bfon] cfˆgf] df}lns ;+:s[lt ;+/If0f / ;Djw{g ub}{
cufl8 a9]sf 5g\ . pgLx? k/Dk/fut k]zf;Fu} Jofkf/, Joj;fo, hflu/, xf]d:6] cflbaf6
cfocfh{g u/]sf 5g\ . o:tf k]zf Joj;fon] pgLx?sf] hLjgz}nL kl/jt{g ePsf] jg
lhNnfsf] ko{6gsf nflu yf? hfltsf] ;+:s[ltn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5 .
lzIf0f ;'emfj lzIf0f ;'emfj
• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ a5f}nLdf /x]sf] yf? ;f+:s[lts ;+u|xfno tyf
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] cjnf]sg u/fO yf? ;+:s[ltsf af/]df ;DalGwt JolQmx?;Fu
cGtlqmof u/fpg'xf];\ .
lqmofsnfk lqmofsnfk
• ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx? Û yf? hfltsf dlxnfn] nufpg] uxgfx?sf] ;"rL tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 27
!= ldNbf] zAb /fv]/ vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf];\ M
s_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsf ljleGg===============;femf km"naf/L xf] .
v_ yf? hflt g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofcg';f/ ============== 7"nf] hflt xf] .
u_ ================ a|t a;L n7\7L uf8\g] / kmfNg] ef]bL v]n v]Nb5g\ .
3_ rf8kj{df yf? hfltsf dlxnfx?n] ;]tf] wf]tL / ============== nufp5g\ .
ª_ yf? ;d'bfodf dlxnfsf] d[To' ;+:sf/ =============== lbgsf] x'G5 .
@= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
s_ v}/xgLdf yf? ;d'bfosf] hg;ª\Vof slt /x]sf] 5 <
v_ yf? hfltsf] hGd ;+:sf/sf] af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .
u_ yf? hfltsf] k|d'v rf8kj{x? s'g s'g x'g\ <
3_] rf8kj{df yf? Hffltn] s] s] kl/sf/ agfpF5g\ <
ª_ yf? hfltsf nf]slk|o gfr s] s] x'g\ <
cEof;
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx? tkfO{F 3'Dg uPsf] yf? ;f+:s[lts ejgdf ePsf dxŒjk"0f{
s'/fx?sf] l6kf]6 u/L Ps lbgsf] b}lgsL n]Vg'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
28
• s'v'/fkfng
• ufO{e}+;L / afv|fkfng
&
:yfgLo s[lif Joj;fo
PsfO–$
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 29
&
s'v'/f kfng
s'v'/f ufpF3/df kflng] 3/]n' kG5L xf] .
g]kfndf klxn] b]lv g} ufpF3/df s'v'/fkfng
x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . lautdf s'v'/fkfng 3/fo;L
pkef]usf nflu yf]/} ;ª\Vofdf kflnGYof] .
g]kfndf lxhf]cfh Joj;flos ?kdf s'v'/f
kfng ul/G5 . hg;ª\Vof j[l4, a9bf]
zx/Ls/0f / :jf:Yo k|ltsf] ;hutf, pknAw
pGgt k|ljlw ;Fu} gofF hftsf] ljsf; u/L
Jofj;flos s'v'/fkfng lbgfg'lbg km:6fpFb} 5 . clxn] xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf ;fgf,
demf}nf / 7"nf ;a}vfn] pBdL tyf Joj;foLx? aLrdf s'v'/fkfng Joj;fo lgs} nf]slk|o
ag]sf] 5 . s'v'/f kfng u/]/ c08f / df;' pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 . lxhf]cfh ahf/df s'v'/fsf]
c08f / df;'sf] dfu w]/} 5 . s'v'/fkfng cfo–cfh{gsf] Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ dfWod xf] . s[ifsn]
Joj;flos ?kdf kflnPsf s'v'/f / c08fsf] plrt d"No ;lxtsf] ahf/ Joj:yfkg u/]/
:yfgLo ;/sf/n] ;xof]u ug'{kb{5 . xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsf If]qdf klg a|f]On/, n]o;{,
:yfgLo hftsf s'v'/f nufot cGo lul//fh, s|f]On/ cflb hftsf s'v'/fxx? kflnPsf]
kfOG5 . s'v'/f kfng ubf{ vf]/ Joj:yfkg, bfgf lgdf{0fsf ;fy} s'v'/fdf nfUg ;Sg] /f]ux?sf]
af/]df ljz]if Wofg lbg'kb{5 .
vf]/ Joj:yfkg
s'v'/fkfngsf nflu ;a}eGbf klxnf vf]/sf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 . Jojl:yt vf]/
lgdf{0f u/]dfq s'v'/fsf] /fd|f] j[l4 ljsf; x'G5 . s'v'/fsf] vf]/ jftfj/0fsf] cj:yfdf
Wofg lbP/ lgdf{0f ug{'k5{ . vf]/ lgdf{0f ubf{ lr;f], tftf], xfjf, kfgLaf6 /Iff ug]{ lx;fan]
agfpg'k5{ . s'v'/f /x]sf] 7fpFdf xfjf hfg] cfpg] 7fpF x'g'k5{ . vf]/ afXo hgfj/sf]
cfqmd0fnfO{ /f]Sg] vfnsf] agfpg'k5{ . ljleGg lsl;dsf vf]/x? cfkm"nfO{ cg's"n x'g]
tl/sfn] agfpg ;lsG5 . h:t} kSsL OF6fsf] uf/f] nufP/ tyf afF;sf] rf]ofn] klg agfpg
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
30
;lsG5 . ls;fgnfO{ cfly{s ef/ a9L nfUg] vf]/x? klg k|rngdf 5g\ . tL vf]/ Psk6s
agfPkl5 jiff}F;Dd l6Sg] x'G5g\ . vf]/ lgdf{0f ubf{ oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf, aQLsf] /fd|f] cfk"lt{
ePsf], kfgLsf] lgsf;f ePsf], /fd|f];Fu 3fd nfUg], ahf/sf] ;'ljwf ePsf] :yfg 5gf]6
ug{'kb{5 . vf]/ lgdf{0f ubf{ tfkqmdsf] ljif]z Vofn ug'{kb{5 . s'v'/fsf] vf]/df k"j{ klZrd
lbzfnfO{ v'nf /fVg'k5{ . h;n] ubf{ ;"o{sf] k|sfz vf]/df l5g{ ;sf];\ . ;s];Dd b'O{lt/af6
hfnL ePsf] xfjfsf] lgsf; ePsf] vf]/ agfpg'k5{ .
bfgf lgdf{0f
s'v'/fsf] cfxf/sf nflu bfgf lgdf{0f ug'{kb{5 . u'0f:t/Lo bfgfn] s'v'/fsf] j[l4
ljsf; l56f] x'G5 . s'v'/fnfO{ em6\6 /f]un] cfqmd0f ug{ ;Sb}g . bfgf agfpFbf bfgfdf rflxg]
e6\6df;sf] lkgf, ds}, rfdnsf] 9'6f], ux'Fsf] rf]Ss/, g'g, x8\8Lsf] w'nf], l;b|f df5f, r'g9'ª\uf
cflb rflxG5 . oL j:t'x?sf] dfqf ldnfP/ dfq bfgf agfOG5 . bfgfnfO{ Jojl:yt tl/sfn]
/fVg'kb{5 . 9';L k/]sf], lalu|Psf] / uGw cfPsf] bfgf s'v'/fnfO{ slxNo} klg lbg x'Fb}g . o;n]
s'v'/fsf] j[l4, c08f pTkfbg tyf /f]u k|lt/Iff Ifdtfdf g/fd|f] c;/ kfb{5 . s'v'/fnfO{ bfgf
lbFbf pd]/ cg';f/ ljleGg vfnsf] kf}li6so'Qm bfgf lbg'kb{5 .
/f]u tyf pkrf/
s'v'/f tyf cGo kG5Lx?df nfUg] ˆn'nfO{ j8{ ˆn' elgG5 . of] /f]unfO{ PlePg
OGˆn'PGhf klg elgG5 . kl5Nnf] ;dodf s'v'/fnfO{ jif]{gL w]/} lsl;dsf /f]u nfu]/ 7"nf]
Iflt k'/Þ\ofPsf] 5 . clt 3fts lsl;dsf] /f]u nfu]df kG5Lsf] ;Dk"0f{ ayfgdf $* 306fleq
km}lnP/ zt k|ltzt;Dd d[To'b/ x'g ;S5 . ljz]ifu/L s'v'/fdf /fgLv]t, Tofl/ 8f]6\oflscfOl6;,
OGkm]lS;o; a|f]sfOl6;, uDaf]/f], d/]S;, No"sf]lz; h:tf /f]ux? a9L nfUg] ub{5g\ .
/f]usf] /f]syfd ug{] pkfo
• s'v'/fnfO{ lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f, e]6]l/g/L lg/LIf0f, /f]u ;le{n]G;, vf]k, cf}ifwL pkrf/
ug]{ .
• vf]/leqsf] jftfj/0f plrt / tgfj/lxt x'g]u/L Joj:yfkg ug]{ .
• ljZj;gLo Xofr/Laf6 dfq rNnf vl/b ug]{ .
• EoflS;gn] sfd u/] gu/]sf] yfxf kfpg /]s8{ /fVg] .
• vf]/ jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf geP /f]u nfUg] x'gfn] jftfj/0f ;w} ;kmf /fVg] .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 31
s'v'/fkfng /fd|f] cfocfh{g ug{ ;lsg] gfkmf d"ns Joj;fo xf] . s'v'/f kfngsf
nflu /fd|f] vf]/sf] Joj:yf, plrt jftfj/0f, kof{Kt kf}li6s bfgfsf] Joj:yf tyf /f]usf]
/f]syfd tyf pkrf/df ljz]if Vofn ug'{ kb{5 . ;/sf/n] s[lif tyf kz'kfngdf ladf /
cg'bfgsf] klg cjwf/0f NofPsf] 5 . xfdLn] v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf] ;DalGwt s[lif
tyf kz'kG5L ljefuaf6 ;/;Nnfx lnO{ btf{ u/]/ Joj;flos ?kdf s'v'/f kfng u/L /fd|f]
cfo cfh{g ug{ ;S5f}F .
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf !# j6} j8fdf :yfgLo -nf]sn_ hftsf s'v'/f kfNg] ul/G5 .
pGgt hftsf a|f]On/ / n]o;{ s'v'/f j8f g+= !, @, ^, ( / !) df a9L kfNg] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 .
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf s] s] hftsf s'v'/f kfNg] u/]sf] kfOG5 <
-v_ s'v'/fkfng ug{ vf]/sf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 <
-u_ kf}li6s bfgf agfpg s'g s'g ;fdu|L rflxG5 <
-3_ s'v'/fnfO{ s:tf /f]u nfUg ;S5g\ <
-ª_ s'v'/fnfO{ /f]uaf6 arfpg s] s] ug{ ;lsG5 <
• lzIfs ;fyL Û ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx?nfO{ s'v'/f kfngsf] lel8of] k|bz{g u/L
Jofj;flos s'v'/fkfng ;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ .
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{ efOalxgLx? Û cleefjssf] ;xof]udf tkfO{Fsf] 3/ glhs ePsf s'v'/f
kmd{df uP/ ToxfF s'g hftsf slt s'v'/f kfng u/]sf /x]5g\ l6kf]6 ug'{xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfklj|mofsnfk
cEof;
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
32
@= vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ M
-s_ g]kfndf lxhf]cfh==========================?kdf s'v'/fkfng ul/G5 .
-v_ s'v'/fkfng Joj;fo lgs} ========================= ag]sf] 5 .
-u_ s'v'/fkfng u/]/===================== pTkfbg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-3_ vf]/ afXo hgfj/sf] ======================/f]Sg] vfnsf] agfpg'k5{ .
#= tnsf] lrq x]/L cj:yf / sf/0fsf ljifodf sIffdf JoQm ug'{xf];\ M
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• tkfO{Fsf] j8fdf ;~rflnt s'g} kz'kfng kmfd{df hfg'xf];\ / cjnf]sg u/L
kz'kfngsf] kl/ro, k|sf/ / dxŒjaf/] Pp6f l/kf]6{ tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 33
*
ufO{e}+;L / afv|fkfng
g]kfn s[lifk|wfg b]z xf] . g]kfndf
k/Dk/fut ;dob]lv g} kz'kfng ug{]
k|rng 5 . kz'kfngsf] dfWodaf6
cfˆgf] cfly{s pkfh{gsf ;fy}
ljleGg ;+:sf/ hGo sfo{x?df
kz'x?sf] k|of]u ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf k|d'v ?kdf ufO{, e}+;L, afv|f, s'v'/f, xfF;, aFu'/, a§fO{, df5f nufot hgfj/x? kfNg]
k|rng 5 . logaf6 df;'sf ;fy} s[lifdf dnsf] klg pkof]u x'g] ePsfn] w]/} dxŒj /x]sf] 5 .
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf klg dfly pNn]v ul/Psf ;a} k|sf/sf kz'kfng ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 . oL
dWo] ufO{e}F;L / afv|f kfngsf] ljifodf o; kf7df hfgsf/L u/fOPsf] 5 .
ufO{e}+;L kfng
ufO{ / e}F;L km/skm/s eP klg logLx?sf] kfngkf]if0f ug{] k4lt Pp6} 5 . g]kfndf
:yfgLo hftsf ufO{e}F;L / pGgt hftsf ufO{e}F;L kflnG5 . ;a} hftsf ufO{ / e}F;L ;a}
xfjfkfgL / e"uf]ndf pko'Qm x'Fb}gg\ . xfjfkfgL, ef}uf]lns If]q, :yfgLo kl/j]z / jftfj/0fn]
s'g 7fpFdf s:tf] hftsf] ufO{e}F;L kfng pko'Qm x'G5 eGg] s'/f lgwf{/0f ub{5 . sltko 7fpFdf
:yfgLo hfts} ufO{e}F;L pko'\Qm x'G5 .
:yfgLo tyf pGgt b'j} vfnsf ufO{ tyf e}F;Lsf cfcfˆgf ljz]iftf x'G5g\ . :yfgLo
ufO{e}F;Lx?df sd b'w pTkfbg lbg], afR5L tyf kf8fkf8L l9nf] x's{g] x'G5 . :yfgLo hftsf
l9nf] afnL hfg], b'O{ a]tlarsf] cjlw nfdf] x'g] cflb sdhf]/Lx? x'G5g\ . :yfgLo hftsf
ufO{n] ;/b/ Ps a]tdf $%) ln6/ dfq b'w lbG5 eg] qm; ufO{n] ;f]xL cjlwdf #%))
ln6/ b'w lbG5 . To:t} :yfgLo hftsf e}F;Ln] Ps a]tdf ;/b/ ()) ln6/ b'w lbG5 eg] d'/f{
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
34
lgnL/feL qm;n] !%)) ln6/ lbG5 t/ oL ufO{e}F;Lx?df /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf Hofbf x'g],
sdhf]/ Joj:yfkg tyf :yfgLo cfxf/f / :yfgLo xfjfkfgLdf x's{g ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf]n]
cGo pGgt ufO{e}F;L kfNg g;lsg] If]qdf :yfgLo ufO{e}F;LnfO{ ;+/If0f u/L kfNg' jf pGgt
kz'sf] j0f{zª\s/ u/fO{ kfNg' plrt x'G5 .
pGgt ufO{e}F;Lsf] hft jftfj/0f cg's"n gePdf / sdhf]/ cfxf/f tyf uf]7
Joj:yfkg gePdf pTkfbg tyf :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ k5{ . o;sf ;fy} /f]u;Fu k|ltsf/
ug{] zlSt sd eO{ d[To'b/ a9L x'g], afnL nfUg] t/ pN6L /xg], k/hLjLsf] ;d:of a9L x'g]
h:tf ;d:of b]vfk5{g\ .
ufO{ kfNg] ls e}F;L <
ufO{ e}“;L
cfh hGd]sf] ufO{sf] afR5Ln] % jif{df cfkm"n]
hGdfPsf tyf ltgn] klg hGdfPsf & ;Gtfg k}bf
u5{ .
cfh hGd]sf] e}F;Lsf] kf8Ln] %
jif{df Ps ;Gtfg dfq hGdfpF5 .
k|foM b'O{ dlxgfdfq yfS5 . k|foM $–% dlxgf;Dd yfSg] ub{5 .
afnL uPkl5 @*) lbgdf AofpF5 . afnL uPkl5 #!) lbgdf AofpF5 .
b}lgs !)) ln6/;Dd b'w lbPsf] /]s8{ 5 . hlt;'s} /fd|f] e}+;Ln] klg b}lgs @%
ln6/eGbf a9L b'w lbFb}g .
3/df ;a}nfO{ ;lhn} b'w lbG5 . k|foM Psxft] eP/ b'Mv lbG5 .
afR5fafR5L geP klg b'w lbG5 . kf8fkf8L gePkl5 b'w lbg ufx|f]
dfG5 .
s[lqd uef{wfg ubf{ uef{wfg b/ a9L / ue{ k/LIf0f
ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
s[lqd uef{wfg ubf{ uef{wfg b/ sd
/ ue{ k/LIf0f ug{ ufx|f] x'G5 .
e}F;Lsf] t'ngfdf sd ;'Vvf kbfy{ tyf bfgf eP
k'U5 .
ufO{sf] t'ngfdf a9L ;'Vvf kbfy{ /
bfgf rflxG5 .
df;' sf6\g' u}/sfg'gL Pjd\ b08gLo sfo{ xf] . g]kfndf df;' vkt x'G5 / df;'sf]
ahf/ /fd|f] 5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 35
ufO{e}F;Lsf uf]7 agfpg] hldgsf] 5gf}6 ubf{ Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx¿ M
-s_ cf]efgf], kxfl/nf], t'ngfTds ?kn] j/k/eGbf s]xL cUnf] / ;'/lIft 7fpFdf .
-v_ oftfoft, lah'nL, kfgL tyf ahf/sf] pknAwtf ePsf] :yfgdf .
-u_ k|fljlws ;]jf;'ljwf, cf}ifwL, bfgf cflb pknAw ePsf] :yfgdf .
-3_ hª\unL hgfj/ gnfUg] 7fpFdf .
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf kflng] d'Vo kz'x?df ufO{ / e}F;L g} kb{5g\ . oxfF k/Dk/fut
?kd} ufO{e}F;L kfNg] k|rng 5 . ufpFsf k|To]sh;f] 3/df Pp6f e}F;L jf ufO{ k|foM kflnPs}
x'G5 . :yfgLo hftsf ufO{ / e}F;L kfNg] k'/fgf] s[lif k|0ffnLnfO{ clxn] klg v}/xgLaf;L
s[ifsn] lg/Gt/tf lbPsf 5g\ . :yfgLo xfjfkfgL ;xg], kxf8L e]udf pko'Qm dflgPsf :yfgLo
hftsf ufO{e}F;L kfng oxfFsf] kz'kfngsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf xf] .
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf xfn !@# j6f ufO{e}+;Lkfng kmfd{ btf{ eP/ ;~rfngdf
cfPsf 5g\ . gu/kflnsfn] ufO{e}+;Lkfng ug{] s[ifsx?nfO{ cg'bfgsf] Joj:yf u/]sf]
5 . gu/kflnsfn] uf]7 lgdf{0f / ;'wf/, ufO{e}+;Lkfng, k|ljlw ;DalGw tflnd, cfjZos
oflGqsL/0f h:t}M Rofks6/, u|f;s6/, bfgf agfpg] d]l;g, b'Uw pTkfbs ;xsf/L dfkm{t\
k|ltln6/ b"wdf cg'bfg, pGgt hftsf] 3fF; h:t}M h}, ds}r/L, ;'8fg, afh/f cflbsf] nflu
cg'bfg k|bfg ub{} cfPsf] 5 . jt{dfg ;dodf eg] v}/xgLdf :yfgLo ufO{e}F;LnfO{ pGgt
hftsf] k|hgg u/fO{ gZn ;'wf/ ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . :yfgLo hftsf e}F;Ldf pGgt hftsf]
/fFuf]sf] s|; u/fO{ pTkfbg ul/Psf e}F;Lx? Jofj;flos ?kdf pko'Qm dflgPsf 5g\ . kl5Nnf]
;do e}F;Lsf] d'No nfvf}F kg{ yfn]kl5 s[ifsx? Jofj;flos e}F;Lkfngaf6 nfeflGjt ePsf
5g\ . e}F;L gAofP klg df;'df vl/b ug{ ;lsg], ufO{n] eGbf e}F;Ln] a9L /f]u vKg ;Sg]
ePsfn] ufO{eGbf e}F;L kfNg ;lhnf] dflgPsf] 5 . t/ b'w pTkfbgsf b[li6n] pGgt hftsf]
ufO{kfng pko'Qm dflgPsf] 5 .
afv|f kfng
g]kfndf kflng] kz'x?dWo] afv|f ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o hgfj/ xf] . afv|f ax'pkof]uL
kz' xf] . o;af6 df;', b"w, klZdgf, 5fnf pknAw x'gsf ;fy} v]tLsf nflu a8\sf}nf /
d"q klg kfOG5 . ufO{, e}F;L, aª'u'/, s'v'/f cflbsf] bfFhf]df afvfkfngdf nufgLsf] k|ltkmn
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
36
a9L x'G5 . To;}n] g]kfndf cGo kz'kIfLsf] t'ngfdf afv|fkfng Joj;fodf w]/}sf] cfsif{0f
b]lvPsf] 5 .
;fgf] 7fpFdf klg kfNg
;lsg], cfjZos kbf{ t'?Gt} a]r]/
gub k|fKt ug{ ;lsg], yf]/} k'FhLaf6
klg ;'? ug{ ;lsg], w]/} hgzlQm
geP klg x'g] ePsfn] u|fdL0f If]qdf
Go"g cfo x'g] dflg;x?sf nflu
klg afv|fkfng pkof]uL b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf v;L / af]sfsf] df;'sf] ahf/sf] 7"nf]
;Defjgf 5 . afv|fkfng ug{] lg0f{o ugf{;fy vf]/ lgdf{0f / 3fF;v]tL ;Fu;Fu} cufl8 a9fpg'kg{]
x'G5 .
afv|fkfng Joj;fo ;'? ug{'eGbf cufl8 Pp6f of]hgf agfpg' kb{5 . afv|fsf af/]df /fd|f];Fu
cWoog / cjnf]sg ug{'kb{5 . cfˆg} 7fpFdf ;kmn Joj;fo ul//x]sf dflg;x?;Fu s'/fsfgL
ug{' /fd|f] x'G5 . Joj;fosf] ;'?jft nufgLsf] k|s[ltcg'';f/ e/k5{ . pGgt kf7f lsg]/ x'sf{pg]
jf afv|f lsg]/ k|hggdfkm{t a9fpg] eGg] s'/f ;'?d} lg0f{o ug{'k5{ . Ps}kN6 w]/} 7"nf] nufgL
ug{'eGbf klg klxnf ;fgf]af6 ;'? u/]/ ;ª\Vof a9fpFb} hfg' /fd|f] x'G5 .
vf]/ lgdf{0f M
Jofj;flos afv|fkfngsf nflu Jojl:yt vf]/sf] lgdf{0f ug{' cfjZos 5 . vf]/
agfpg'eGbf klxn] vf]/ agfpg] 7fpFsf] hUufsf] ;xL 5gf]6 ug{'kb{5 . vf]/sf nflu hldgsf]
5gf]6 ubf{ ljleGg s'/fdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'kb{5 . ofofoft, kfgL, lah'nL / ahf/sf] ;'ljwf
ePsf] :yfg x'g'k5{ . 3fF;, r/g glhs} ePsf] / hª\unL hgfj/sf] 8/ gx'g] 7fpFsf] 5gf]6
ug{'k5{ . vf]/ ;kmf ;'U3/ / b'u{Gw/lxt x'g'k5{ .
afv|fsf] vf]/ lgdf{0f ubf{ :yfgLo / ;'ne ?kdf pknAw ;fdu|Lx? af;, sf7,
v/ cflbsf] k|of]u u/]/ vf]/ / 6fF8 agfpg'k5{ . aFw'jf u/L afv|fkfng ubf{ vf]/df y'Gg] /
laxfgb]lv a]n'sL;Dd vf]/nfO{ rf/}lt/af6 3]l/Psf] sDkfpG8df 5fl8lbg] Joj:yf ug{'k5{ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 37
v}/xgLdf k|rlnt afv| fsf hft M
-s_ v/L afv|f
g]kfndf / v}/xgLdf klg ;a}eGbf a9L kflng] afvf v/L xf] . of] :jflbnf] df;'
x'g] hftsf] afv|f xf] . ;fgf] cfsf/sf], sfnf] tyf v}/f] /ª u/]sf o; hftsf afv|fdf
w]/} ;ª\Vofdf kf7fkf7L hGdfpg ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 . /f]uJoflw sd nfUg], sd;n vfgkfg
/ k|lts"n jftfj/0fdf klg logLx?n] /fd|f] pTkfbg lbg ;S5g\ . of] #))–!%)) ld6/
prfO;Dd kfNg ;lsG5 . jo:s af]sfsf] ;/b/ tf}n #)– $) lsnf] x'G5 / afv|f ;/b/
@% lsnf]sf x'G5g\ . o; hftsf] afv|fsf] b'O{ jif{df tLgk6s Aofpg] Ifdtf x'G5 . logLx?
xfjfkfgL ;'xfpFbf] x'g] ePsfn] ljb]zL hftsf] afv|fsf] t'ngfdf sd /f]uJoflw nfUg] x'G5 .
-v_ af]o/ afv|f
;'?df blIf0f clk|msfdf ljsf; ePsf] of] afv|f To;kl5 qmdzM ;+;f/e/ km}nFb}
uPsf] 5 . o; hftsf] yk ljsf; eg] c:6«]lnof tyf Go'lhNofG8 nufotsf b]zx?df
ePsf] lyof] . g]kfndf klg s[ifsx?n] af]o/ hftsf] af]sf / v/L dfp /fvL Jofj;flos
?kdf afv|fkfng ug{] nx/ rn]sf] kfOG5 . o; afv|fsf] j[l4b/ :yfgLo afv|fsf] t'ngfdf
l56f]l56f] x'g] u/]sf] kfOG5 . of] afv|f dWokxf8 tyf t/fO{sf] xfjfkfgLsf nflu pko'Qm x'g]
eP klg s]xL pRr efu;Dd klg kfNg ;lsG5 . o; afv|fn] klg :yfgLo afv|fsf] h:tf]
lglZrt l;hgdf afnL hfg] geO{ jif{el/ g} afnL lng] ub{5 . o; hftsf] afv|fsf] df;'df
sf]n:6]/f]nsf] dfqf t'ngfTds ?kdf sd x'g] ePsfn] :jf:Yosf nflu pko'Qm x'g] ub{5 .
of] afv|f klg @ jif{df # k6s Aofpg] / k|foM h'DNofxf kfpg] :jefjsf] x'G5 . v}/xgLsf
ljleGg 7fpFdf af]o/ afv|fsf] :yfgLo afv|f;Fu qm; u/fP/ g:n ;'wf/ u/L kfNg yflnPsf]
kfOG5 .
-u_ hd'gfkf/L
of] ef/tLo d"nsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf], cUnf] lhp8fnsf] nf]slk|o hftsf] afv|f xf] . o;
hftsf] afv|f df;' / b"w pTkfbgsf nflu pko'Qm dflgG5 . nfdf] nfdf] t'n{'ª\ª em'lG8Psf]
sfg, nfdf] cUnf] uf]8f, ;'ufsf] h:tf] gfs, b]Vgdf eJo, k5fl8sf] lkmnfdf nfdf] nfdf] /f}F
o; hftsf] ljz]iftf xf] . o; hftsf] afv|Ln] jif{df Psk6s / Pp6} dfq aRrf hGdfpF5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
38
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ glhs}sf] ufO{e}F;L tyf afv|f kmfd{sf] :ynut cjnf]sg
u/fO{ ufO{e}F;L / afv|f Joj;fosf ;Defjgf, kmfObf / ;d:ofx?sf ljifodf :ki6
kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
• ufO{e}F;L / afv|f Joj;fosf nflu rflxg] k"jf{wf/, ;Defjgf / r'gf}tLsf ;DaGwdf
sIffdf hfgsf/Ld"ns lel8of] ;fdu|L k|:t't u/L ljBfyL{x?nfO{ 5nkmnsf nflu
k|]l/t ug{'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• lzIfssf] ;xof]udf tkfO{Fsf] cleefjs jf glhs}sf] ufO{e}F;L jf afv|f kfNg]
s[ifs;Fu Joj;fosf ;DaGwdf s''/fsfgL ug{'xf];\ . s'/fsfgLaf6 kfOPsf dxŒjk"0f{
s'/fx? a'Fbfdf l6k]/ sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
• ufO{e}F;Lsf nflu v}/xgLdf pknAw x'g] 8fn] 3fF;x?sf] gfdjnL tof/ kf/L
b]vfpg'xf];\ .
jo:s cj:yfdf af]sfsf] cf};t zf/Ll/s tf}n *) b]lv () s]hL tyf afv|fsf] cf};t
tf}n $) b]lv ^) s]hL;Dd x'g] u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . pGgt hftsf] ljb]zL afv|f ePsfn]
of] afv|f :yfgLo afv|fsf] t'ngfdf :yfgLo r/g Pjd\ 3fF;df sd km:6fpg] / /f]uJoflwn]
a9L cfqmd0f ug{] vfnsf] x'G5 . kz'kfng ;DaGwL lj1x?sf cg';f/ v}/xgLdf z'4 -;o
k|ltzt_ hd'gfkf/LeGbf klg v/L;Fu hd'gfkf/Lsf] qm; u/fP/ hGdfPsf kf7fx?af6 g:n
;'wf/ u/]/ kfNg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 .
v}/xgL gu/sfo{kflnsfsf] sfof{no, kz' ;]jf zfvfdfkm{t o; gu/kflnsf cGtu{tsf
t]x|cf]6} j8fx?df afv|fkfng Joj;fo k|j4{g ul/Psf] 5 . kz' zfvfdfkm{t\ afv|fx?df nfUg]
dxfdf/L ;?jf /f]ulj?4 EoflS;g];g ug]{{ sfo{ klg lgoldt ?kdf eO/x]sf] 5 . Kfflnsfn]
ls;fgx?nfO{ 3fF;sf] lap klg lgMz'Ns ljt/0f ub}{{ cfPsf] 5 . o'jfx? klg afv|fkfngdf
;+nUg ePsf] kfOG5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 39
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ g]kfndf slxn]b]lv ufO{e}F;L kfNg] k|rng 5 <
-v_ :yfgLo hftsf ufO{n] ;/b/df Ps a]tdf slt ln6/ b'w lbG5 <
-u_ d'/f{ lgln/feL j|m;n] Ps a]tdf slt b'w lbG5 <
-3_ afv|fsf nflu s]–s:tf 3fF; nufpg' pko'Qm x'G5 <
-ª_ afv|fsf] vf]/ s:tf] x'g'k5{ <
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ ufOkfng / e}Fl;kfngdf x'g] leGgtfx? s]s] x'g\ <
-v_ v}/xgLdf ufO{e}F;L jf afv|f kfng s'g pkoQm xf]nf <
#= tnsf l7s jfSox¿ sfkLdf ;fg'{xf];\ / a]l7snfO{ ;RrfP/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ g]kfndf ufO{e}F;L k/Dk/fut ;dob]lv g} kfNg] rng 5 .
-v_ :yfgLo hftsf e}F;Ln] yf]/} b'w lbG5g\ .
-u_ e+};Lsf] df;' vkt x'Fb}g .
-3_ e}F;L ufO{sf] t'ngfdf l56f] yfS5 .
-ª_ v}/xgLdf Jofj;flos lx;fan] ufO{e}F;L kflnPsf] 5 .
$= vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ M
-s_ afv|f ================ kz' xf] . -cg'kof]uL÷ax'pkof]uL_
-v_ afv|fkfng ug{'eGbf cufl8 g} ============agfpg'k5{ . -vf]/, 5fk|f]_
-u_ afv|fsf] vf]/ =========== x'g'k5{ . -cFWof/f], pHofnf]_
-3_ g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L kflng] afv|f ========= xf] -af]o/, v/L_
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
40
%= v}/xgLdf afv|fkfngh:t} df5fkfng ul//x]sf Joj;foLnfO{ e]6L df5fkfng
Joj;fosf] af/]df lzIfssf] ;xfotfdf :ynut k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{'xf];\ .
^= lrq x]/L j0f{g ug{xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{ M
• tkfO{sf] ljBfno, 3/ glhs /x]sf] pBf]uwGbf jf b'Uw ;+sng s]Gb|sf] e|d0f u/L To;
pBf]u ;~rfngsf ;an kIf / ;d:of n]vL pQm ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ljleGg
lgsfox?n] ug{ ;Sg] ;xof]usf af/]df ;+lIfKt l/kf]6{ tof/ ug{'xf];\ .
• tkfO{Fsf] ufpF3/df ljpljhg tyf pTkflbt j:t'sf] e08f/0f s;/L ug{] ul/Psf] 5 <
cleefjs;Fu cGt/lqmof u/L ;Dej eP;Dd Ps lel8of] agfpg'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 41
:yfgLo k];f, Joj;fo / k|ljlw
PsfO–%
• 3/]n' pBf]u
• ahf/Ls/0f
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
42
(
3/]n' pBf]u
3/]n' pBf]un] 3/3/df ;~rfng ug]{
pBf]unfO{ a'emfpF5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfnsf]
u|fdL0f If]qdf v]/ uO/x]sf] :yfgLo sRrf
;fdfgx?nfO{ k/Dk/fut ?kdf k|of]u u/L
s[lifaf6 km';{b x'g] ;dodf cfˆgf] kl/jf/sf
;b:ox?sf] >daf6 kfl/jfl/s cfjZos
k"lt{sf nflu ug]{ Joj;fonfO{ 3/]n' pBf]u elgG5 . 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ucGtu{t pmgL tyf
;'tL sk8f pBf]u, 3/]n' sfuh pBf]u, 3/]n' wft' pBf]u, sfi7 pBf]u, laF8L pBf]u, df6f] pBf]u,
b'Uw pBf]u, afF;–j]t;DaGwL pBf]u, wfg s'6\g] t]n / pv' k]Ng] pBf]u / 3/]n' 5fnf pBf]u;d]t
cfpg] u5{g\ .
cf}Bf]lus Jofj;flos P]g @)&^ sf cg';f/ k/Dk/fut l;k / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t,
>dd"ns / vf; l;k jf :yfgLo sRrf kbfy{ Pjd\ :yfgLo k|ljlw, snf tyf ;+:s[ltdf
cfwfl/t, OlGhg, pks/0f jf d]l;gsf] k|of]u u/]sf] ePdf a9Ldf %) lsnf]jf6;Ddsf]
Ifdtfsf] laB'tLo k|of]u u/]sf] pBf]unfO{ 3/]n' pBf]u elgPsf] 5 . u|fdL0f cf}Bf]uLs/0fleq
xfdLn] s[lifdf cfwfl/t ljz]if pBf]u h:t}M kz'kfng, s'v'/fkfng, dT:okfng, df}/Lkfng,
/]zd v]tL, b'Uwzfnf cflb pBf]unfO{ ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsG5 . k|foM u/]/ s'6L/ pBf]ux?
u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lif;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5g\ . xft] tfgdf sk8f a'Gg', /f8L kfvL, sfk]{6, un}rf,
;'s'n, r6fO{ 6f]s/L a'Gg', tf]/L k]Ng', sf7df a'§f sf]g{', wft'sf efF8fs'F8f agfpg', df6fsf
efF8fx? agfpg', uxgfx? agfpg', So'l/of]sf ;fdfg agfpg' OToflb g]kfnsf ljleGg
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 43
(
k|sf/sf s'l6/ 3/]n' pBf]u x'g\ . g]kfnsf pBf]uwGwfx?dWo] 3/]n' pBf]usf] w]/} of]ubfg 5 .
nueu s'n pBf]usf] () k|ltzteGbf a9L of]ubfg 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] /x]sf] 5 .
xfd|f] h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v /fi6«sf] nflu 7"nf 7"nf pBf]ux?sf] bfFhf]df ;fgf tyf
3/]n' pBf]ux? g} Hofb} pkof]uL 5g\ . s[lif Joj;fosf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/n] cf}Bf]lus
ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . g]kfndf ljutb]lvsf cf}Bf]lus lqmofsnfknfO{ x]bf{ s[lif If]qaf6
;fwgx? k|fKt u/L k|z:t dfqfdf pBf]u–Joj;fox? ;~rfngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 . To:tf
pBf]u–Joj;fox? u|fdL0f If]qdf k/Dk/fut ?kdf rn]sf klg 5g\ tyf sltko cfw'lgs
;Ël7t pBf]usf ?kdf :yfkgf klg ePsf 5g\ . u|fdL0f If]qdf la:s'6 kfp/f]6Lx? agfpg],
;fgfltgf ldn ;~rfng x'g], t]n k]Ng], cldnf] k]n]/ r's agfpg], sfo{ ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv
rNb} cfPsf sfo{x? x'g\ . logLx? k/Dk/fut l;k, k|ljlwsf] cfwf/df g} ;~rfngdf /x]sf
5g\ .
g]kfndf 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?n] ef]Ug'kg]{ d'Vo sl7gfOx?dWo] ljb]zdf cfw'lgs
oGq pks/0fåf/f 7"nf] cfsf/df pTkflbt ;:tf] / /fd|f] cf}Bf]lus j:t'x?;Fu ;fdgf ug{'k/]sf]
d'Vo tLj| k|lt:kwf{ xf] . k'FhLsf] cefjdf s'g} klg pBf]ux? km:6fpg kfpFb}g . 3/]n' pBf]udf
nfu]sf JolQmx?;Fu cfˆgf] Joj;fo a9fpg cfjZos k'FhL 5}g . o;n] ubf{ klg 3/]n'
pBf]usf] ljsf;df afwf k'–ofPsf] 5 . 3/]n' pBf]usf] nflu rflxg] sRrf j:t'x?sf] klg
7"nf] cefj 5 . Ps 7fpFdf ePsf] sRrf j:t'nfO{ csf]{ 7fpFdf n}hfg sl7gfO ePsf] 5 .
3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]udf nfu]sf clwsf+z sfdbf/ ck|lzlIft tyf cbIf 5g\ .
g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;zLn b]zn] 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]usf] If]qdf a9L dfqfdf ljsf;
ug{' clt g} cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . t/, o;df w]/} ;d:of tyf afwfx? 5g\ h;n] ubf{ 3/]n'
tyf ;fgf pBf]u km:6fpg] df}sf kfPsf 5}gg\ . 7"nf]–7"nf] pBf]ux?af6 ljleGg lsl;dsf
cfw'lgs tyf j}1flgs 9ª\un] yl/yl/sf l8hfOg ePsf] j:t'x? pTkfbg x'G5 . t/, 3/]n'
pBf]udf dflg;x?af6 k'/fgf] l8hfOgsf] j:t' pTkfbg x'G5 / /ª\uLla/ª\uL x'Fb}g . ;fy} 3/]n'sf
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
44
pTkflbt j:t' dxª\uf] klg x'G5 . o;}n] ubf{ 3/]n' pBf]usf] ahf/ km:6fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . 3/]n'
pBf]usf] ljsf;df Pp6f dxŒjk"0f{ afwf cfw'lgs pBf]ux?;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{ xf] . xftn] ag]sf
;fdfgx?n] d]l;gaf6 ag]sf ;fdfgx?;Fu s'g} xfntdf k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . xftn] ag]sf
;fdfgx? dxª\uf] dfq xf]Og ls ?k / cfsf/df klg /fd|f x'Fb}gg\ . d]l;g;Fu 3/]n' pBf]un]
k|lt:kwf{ ug{ sl7g x'g] s'/f :jfefljs g} xf] . g]kfndf 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ ljb]zL j:t'af6
k|lt:kwL{ x'gkbf{ ;d:of a9L g} 5 .
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf lgDg 3/]n' pBf]ux? ;~rflnt 5g\ M
!= kfp/f]6L pBf]u,
@= j/km, lj:s'6 / bfndf]7 pBf]u,
#= rsn]6, lttf}/f, d:of}/f pTkfbg ug{] pBf]u,
$= lrK; pBf]u,
%= 8]/L pBf]u,
^= s'6fgL, lk;fgL / k]nfgL ldn,
&= ldg/n jf6/ pBf]u,
*= s[lif Joj;fo -kz'kfng, dT:okfng, kmnkm"n v]tL, t/sf/L v]tL, dfx'/L kfng_
(= d}gaQL / cu/aQL pBf]u
!)= df6fsf] efF8f / d"tL{ agfpg] pBf]u,
!!= kmlg{r/ pBf]u,
!@= lu|n pBf]u .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 45
lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfleqsf dxŒjk"0f{ 3/]n' pBf]ux?sf] cjnf]sg
e|d0f u/fO{ ltgsf] dxŒj / pkof]lutf ;fy} ;d:ofx?sf ;DaGwdf :ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ 3/]n' pBf]u eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)&^ n] 3/]n' pBf]unfO{ s;/L kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 <
-u_ 3/]n' pBf]un] g]kfnsf] s'n pBf]uwGwfdf s:tf] of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\ <
-3_ 3/]n' pBf]usf] d'Vo ;d:of s] xf] <
-ª_ g]kfndf 3/]n' pBf]u ;~rfngdf s:tf sl7gfOx? /x]sf 5g\ <
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ g]kfndf 3/]n' pBf]usf] dxŒj / pkof]lutf s] s:tf] 5 < k|sfz kfg{'xf];\ .
-v_ 3/]n' pBf]usf d'Vo ;d:ofx? s] s] x'g\ < pNn]v ug{'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• tkfOF{{sf] ufpF jf l5d]sdf ;~rflnt 3/]n' pBf]ux?sf] cWoog u/L ToxfFsf d'Vo
;d:ofx?nfO{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{xf];\ .
• v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf ;~rflnt 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]ux?sf] gfd, nufgL, kmfObf,
;d:of cflb ;d]6L Pp6f ;dfrf/ tof/ kfg{xf];\ .
cEof;
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
46
#= lrq x]/L j0f{g ug{'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• v}/xgL gu/kflnsfleq klxn] ;~rfng ePsf t/ clxn] ljleGg ;d:ofsf sf/0f
aGb ePsf 3/]n' pBf]ux? s] slt 5g\ < ltgsf] gfd, pBf]usf] ;~rfng cjlw,
To;n] k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfg, aGb x'g'sf sf/0fx?, k'gM ;~rfngsf ;Defjgfx? ;d]6]/
Pp6f k|ltj]bg n]Vg'xf];\ . -zLif{s, p2]Zo, ljlw, JofVof ljZn]if0f, lgisif{_
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 47
!)
ahf/Ls/0f
efOalxgLx? Û cfh xfdLn] s[lif ahf/Ls/0fsf ljifodf ddtf dxtf], ;'lgtf lj=s,
/fhs'df/ af]6] / ;'/Iff kf}8]n efOalxgLx? lar ePsf] ;+jfb k9f}F x} t Û
ddtf M -;fyLx?lt/ x]b}{_ ;fyLx? cfh lzIfsn] cfn'v]tLsf af/]df k9fpFb} ubf{
s[lif ahf/Ls/0f / cg'bfgsf ljifodf klg eGg'ePsf] lyof] . d} n] t Tolt
/fd|f];Fu a'lemg lg . ltdLx?nfO{ yfxf 5 eg] atfOb]pm g .
;'lgtf M ltdLn] a'lemgf} / < n ;'g, ahf/Ls/0f eg]sf] pTkflbt j:t' pkef]Qmf;Dd
k'¥ofpg] rj|mLo k|lqmof xf] .
/fhs'df/ M cfxf Û ;'lgtfn] t slt ;lhnf];Fu elgg\ . clg of] ahf/Ls/0f k|lqmof
s;/L x'G5 t ;'lgtf <
;'/Iff M dnfO klg o; af/]df hfGg] OR5f 5 . -;'lgtflt/ kms{lG5g\ ._
;'lgtf M ;fyLx? Û s[ifsx?n] j:t'x? pTkfbg u/]kl5 tL j:t'x? s[lif ;ª\sng
s]Gb|df ;ª\sng ul/G5 . pTkflbt j:t'x? ;ª\sng ug]{ sfdnfO{ e08f/0f
klg elgG5 . e08f/0f ul/Psf j:t'x? ahf/;Dd k'¥ofOG5 . e08f/0f
s]Gb|af6 ahf/df k'u]sf j:t' pkef]Qmf;Dd k'U5g\ pkef]Stfn] pTkfbg u/]sf
j:t'x? ahf/ d"Nodf vl/b ul/ pkef]u ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ s[lif ahf/Ls/0f
k|lqmof elgG5 . o;/L g} pTkfbg / ahf/Ls/0fsf] rqmLo k|lqmof rln/xG5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
48
ddtf M wGojfb ;'lgtf Û d}n] aNn kf] a'em]F .
/fhs'df/ M clg km]l/ cg'bfg eg]sf] s] xf] t < of] s;n] lbG5 lg <
;'lgtf M cg'bfg eg]sf] s'g} /fHo jf k|zf;gaf6 ljz]if sfdsf lglDt k|bfg ul/g]
cfly{s ;xof]u /sd xf] . of] ;+3Lo ;/sf/, k|b]z ;/sf/ / :yfgLo ;/sf/af6
sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/]/ lbOG5 . ;fd'lxs tyf Psn ?kdf kmd{ btf{ u/fPsf
s[ifsx?n] dfq of] ;'ljwf k|fKt ug{ ;S5g\ .
/fhs'df/ M P xf]/ < ;'g g ;'lgtf Û kf]xf]/ ;fn xfd|f] v]tdf nufPsf aGbf laqmL geP/
cfdfn] ;a} ufOnfO{ lbg'ePsf] xf] . ;ª\sng s]Gb|sf ljifodf yfxfF g} lyPg
lg xfdLnfO{ t . cfh d 3/ uP/ cfdfnfO{ ;a} s'/f eG5' .
;'/Iff M xfd|f] v}/xgLdf klg Jojl:yt ;ª\sng s]Gb| agfpg ;Sg] xf] eg]kmnkm"n
t/sf/L af/L d} s'lxg] cj:yf cfpg] lyPg . oxfFsf kmnkm"n t/sf/L b]zsf
cGo zx/df klg k7fpg ;lsGYof] .
;'lgtf M v}/xgL If]qnfO{ k'Ug] t/sf/L t clxn] oxLF pTkfbg x'g yfn]sf] 5 . t/
;ª\sng / e08f/0f eg] Jojl:yt x'g eg] ;s]sf] 5}g .
/fhs'df/ M pTkflbt j:t'x?sf] plrt ;ª\sng, e08f/0f / ahf/Ls/0f Jojl:yt
tl/sfn] ug{ ;s] v}/xgLIf]qsf s[ifsn] afx|} dlxgf t/sf/L pTkfbg ug{
;S5g\ . To;af6 a]/f]huf/L ;d:of klg sd x'Fb} hfG5 / ;a} s[ifs cfTdlge{/
aG5g\ . xfdLn] klg cfˆg} ufpFdf pTkfbg ePsf] cuf{lgs t/sf/L vfg
kfOG5 . cuf{lgs t/sf/Ln] xfdL lg/f]uL eOG5 ;fyLx? .
;'lgtf M dnfO{ afafn] eGg' eP cg';f/ xfd|f] gu/kflnsfn] klg v]tL of]Uo hldg
ef8fdf lnP/ s[lif >ldsx?nfO{ JolQmut jf ;fd'lxs v]tL ug{] sfo{sf]
ynfgL u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] dnfO{ w]/} s'/f pxfFaf6 yfxf ePsf] xf] . d}n]
hfg]sf] s'/f ltdLx?nfO{ klg eg]F .
;'/Iff M s[ifsnfO{ ;/sf/n] dn lap lbg], l;+rfOsf] Joj:yf ul/lbg], k|fs[lts
ljklQsf sf/0f IftL eP IftLk"lt{ pknAw u/fpg] xf] eg] aNn s[lifdf ;a}
cfslif{t x'G5g\ . of] ljifodf :yfgLo ;/sf/n] klg kxn ug'{k5{ .
;'lgtf M xf] lg Û -;'/Ifflt/ x]b}{_ xfd|f] afafn] eGg'ePsf] w]/} / nfdf] ;do;Dd
pTkfbg ug]{ s[ifsnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ug]{ s'/f rn]sf] 5
/] . h'g k}+;f a'9];sfndf sfd nfU5 /] .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 49
/fhs'df/ M ;fyLx? Û ;/sf/n] o:tf] /fd|f] Joj:yf ul/lbP t d klg ljb]z hfg] ;kgf
Tofu]/ xfd|} b]zdf s[lif kmf/d vf]n]/ sfd uy]{F .
ddtf M l7s s'/f u¥of}F /fhs'df/ . cfh b]znfO{ sfd ug]{ o'jfsf] vfFrf] 5 .
;a} M xf] gL . xfdL ;a} cfˆg} df6f]df sfd ug'{k5{ .
;'lgtf M ca gofF cleofg xfdLn] g} Nofpg'k5{ . To;sf nflu cfw'lgs s[lif,
kz'kfng, uf}zfnf h:tf Joj;fo ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . ca !@ sIff
k9]kl5 xfdLn] g} ;'? u/f}Fnf lg Û
/fhs'df/ M -v';L x'Fb}_ d t ;xdt .
;'/Iff M d]/f] klg ;dy{g 5 x} Û
/fhs'df/ M cfh w]/} /fd|f] ljifodf 5nkmn eof] ;fyLx? . ;'lgtfnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb Û
hfpmF ca sIfflt/ . ;/ cfpg] a]nf eof] .
-;a} sIfflt/ hfG5g\_
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgLsf s[lif ahf/ If]q / uf}zfnfx?sf]
cjnf]sg u/fpg n}hfg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ æv}/xgLdf s[lif Joj;fosf cj;/ tyf r'gf}tLÆ zLif{sdf
jQm[Tjsnf u/fpg'xf];\ .
lqmofsnfk M lqmofsnfk M
• tkfOF{{sf]] ;d'bfodf pTkflbt s[lif pkhsf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
• tkfO{Fsf] ;d'bfosf] k|d'v ahf/ s'g xf] < To; ahf/df las|L x'g] s[lif pkh
s'g s'g x'g\ < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
50
cEof;
!= pko'St zAb /fv]/ vfnL 7fpF eg'{xf];\ .
-s_ s[ifsn] j:t'x?=====================u5{g\ .
-v_ j:t'x? ;ª\sng ug]{ 7fpFnfO{ ================elgG5 .
-u_ cuf{lgs t/sf/Ln] xfdL ======================eOG5 .
-3_ s[ifsnfO{ ;fdflhs ====================x'g'k5{ .
@= tn lbOPsf jfSox? l7s eP l7s / a]l7s eP a]l7s n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ ;+jfbdf hDdf b'O{hgf kfqx? 5g\ .
-v_ e08f/0f ul/Psf j:t'x? ahf/;Dd k'¥ofOG5 .
-u_ s[ifsn] cg'bfg kfpFb}gg\ .
-3_ s[lifdf gofF cleofg xfdLn] g} Nofpg'k5{ .
#= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
s_ ;+jfb s'g ljifo;Fu ;Dalwt 5 <
-v_ s:tf] k|lqmofnfO{ ahf/Ls/0f k|lqmof elgG5 <
-u_ cg'bfg eg]sf] s] xf] < s;n] lbG5 <
-3_ s[ifs s;/L cfTdlge{/ aG5g\ <
-r_ s:tf] s[ifsnfO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff lbg'k5{ <
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• v}/xgLsf s[lif ahf/ If]qx?sf] cj:yfsf] af/]df hfgsf/L lnO{ k|ltj]bg tof/
kfg'{xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 51
:yfgLo k|fs[lts ;Dkbf
PsfO–^
• dWojtL{ If]q
• v}/xgLsf h8La'6L
• b/fO{ af]6] tfn
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
52
!!
dWojtL{ If]q
;do M lbpF;f] l7s !M @) ah] :yfg M ljBfno k|fË0f kfq M cd/, ;'dg, cflz;, s~rg
-cfh z'qmaf/sf] lbg hghLjg dfWolds ljBfnodf ljZj jftfj/0f lbj;sf]
cj;/df j[Iff/f]k0f sfo{qmd 5 . vfhf vfg] ;do ePsf] 5 . ToxL ;dodf sIff & df
cWoog/t cd/, ;'dg, cflz; / s~rg vfhf vfFb} s'/fsfgL ug{ yfN5g\ .
cd/ M P Û ;'dg lxhf] ltdL ljBfno cfPgf} lg sxfF uPsf lyof} / <
;'dg M ;'g g cd/ lxhf] d t dfdfx?;Fu 3'Dg uPsf] lyPF . v'a /dfOnf] eof] .
cflz; M P xf] / < -lgs} pT;'s x'Fb}_ sxfF uPsf lyof} lg 3'Dg <
cd/ M -vfhf vfFb}_ ;fyLx? lxhf] d t dWojtL If]qdf kfg]{ ;fd'bflos jgx?df 3'Dg
uPsf] lg .
s~rg M -lgwf/ v'DRofpFb}_ d t kf]v/f n'lDagLlt/ uof} xf]nf eg]sf] t hª\un kf] ufsf]
Û cem :s'n} 5f]8]/ <
cd/ M s] s'/f u/]sL s~rg To:tf] < xfd|f] dfdf kf]v/fb]lv dWojtL{ If]qdf kg]{ hª\un
;kmf/L ug{ v}/xgL cfpg' efsf] 5 . glhssf] tLy{ x]nf eg]sf] oxL xf] . xfdLn]
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 53
xfd|} ufpFsf ;'Gb/ 7fpFx? j]jf:tf u/]/ 6f9f 6f9f 3'Dg hfG5f}F . cfˆg} ufpFsf]
af/]df xfdLnfO{ g} yfxf 5}g .
;'dg M -r:df ldnfpFb}_] jfx Û cd/ ltdLn] cfh /fd|f s'/f u¥of} lg . dnfO{ klg ltd|f]
s'/f dg k¥of] . eg g cd/ sxfF sxfF uof} lg <
cd/ M
xfdL lxhf] s'rs'r] s07]Zj/L, b]jLyfg dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jg x'Fb} s'd/f]h
dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jgleq /x]sf] b/fO{ af6] tfn klg 3'Dof}FF lg .
cflz; M -pT;'s x'Fb}_ dWojtL{ If]q eGgfn] s:tf] If]q xf] / ;fyL <
cd/ M -v';L x'Fb}_ n ;'g x} t ,dWojtL{ If]q eg]sf] lgs'~hn] k|efljt u/]sf] If]qnfO{
elgFbf] /x]5 . clg yfxf 5 ;fyLx? lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~håf/f k|efljt jg
If]qnfO{ ;/sf/n] lj+=;+ @)%# ;fndf dWojtL{ jg If]q egL 3f]if0ff u/]sf]
/x]5 . dWojtL{ If]qsf] hDdf If]qkmn &@(=#& ju{ lsnf]ld6/ dWo] xfd|f] v}/xgL
gu/kflnsfsf s'd/f]h, s'rs'r], s07]Zj/L / b]jLyfg ;fd'bflos jg cf;kf;sf
hldg dWojtL{ If]q leq kbf{/x]5g\ . oxfF t, e|d0fsf nflu cfGtl/s tyf afxo
ko{6gx?sf] 3'OFrf] nfUbf] /x]5 lg .
;'dg M clg, o:tf If]q lsg agfOFbf] /x]5 lg <
cd/ M ltdLn] l7s k|Zg eGof} . b'n{e hLjhGt'sf] af;:yfg ;+/If0f ug{, ltgLx?sf]
rf]/L l;sf/ lgoGq0f ug{, b'n{e hLjhGt', kz'k+IfL, ?vla?jf, h8La'6Lx?nfO{
;+/If0f ug]{ / dfgj hgfj/larsf] åGånfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug{]p2]Zon] oL If]qx?
agfOFbf] /x]5 .
s~rg M -lh1f;' x'Fb}_ clxn] t cd/sf] s'/f dnfO{ klg ;'gf} ;'gf} nfUof] . o:tf dWojtL{
jgx? oxL dfq xf] / <
cd/ M xf]Og lg Û o:tf dWojtL{ jg If]qx? g]kfndf xfn !( j6f /x]sf 5g\ .
cflz; M -emg\ pT;'s x'Fb}_ dnfO{ t emg\ ;'gf} ;'gf} nfUof] . ltdLn] ToxfF s] s] b]Vof} lg<
;'gfpg cd/ .
cd/ M slt /dfOnf] ef] . dnfO{ t 3/ kms{g} dg gnfUg], slt l56f] rf/ 306f laTof], kQ}
ePg . cg]s k|hfltsf ?vx? h8La'6Lx?, g]kfndf dfq kfOg] Ps l;Ë] u}+8f,
kf6] af3, lrt'jf, xl/0f, d[u, ab]n, lrQn, efn', h/fof] klg b]Vof}F . ToxfF oL ;a}
hgfj/x?nfO{ ;+/If0f ul/Psf] /x]5 lgÛ clg yfxf 5 ;fyLx?, logLsf] r/Lr/g
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
54
/ af;:yfg gvnaNofOsg, hgfj/x? cfjthfjt ug{ agfOPsf] h}ljs dfu{sf]
Vofn u/L ko{6sx?n] ;lhn};Fu 6f9f
6f9f;Ddsf hLjhGt'x?nfO{ x]g{ ;s'g
eg]/ cUnf] Eo' 6fj/ klg agfOPsf] /x]5 .
s~rg
M cfxf Û xfdLn] lkmNdx?df b]v]sf hgfj/x?nfO{ k|ToIf ?kdf b]Vbfv]l/ v'a
/dfOnf] eof] xf]nf x} . c? s] s] b]Vof} lg < eg g .
cd/
M cfxf Û cem, efn] do'/n] /ËLrËL KjfFv lKkmhfPsf] b[Zo t emg} nf]e nfUbf]
lyof] ToxfF t d}n] v/fof] r/fx?df, lrn, afh, ;'uf wg]z, ;fOa]l/og, lkm:6],
sfnf] :6s{, 9f8] lu4, sfnf] lu2, klg b]v] . clg yfxf 5 ;fyLx? ToxfF t
b/fO{ af]6] tfn klg /x]5 lg .
cflz;
M cfxf Û ltdLn] t ;fx|} /f]rs z}nLdf s'/f ;'gfof} t . ToxfF s] s] ?vla?jf
kfOFbf /x]5g\ lg <
cd/
M n ;'g, ToxfF ;fn, l;;f}, vo/, l;dn nufotsf 7"nf af]6 la?jf ;Fu} cd"No
h8La'6Lx?df ;k{uGwf, cdnf, x/f]{, a/f]{, gLd, a]n, u'h/ufgf], af]emf], ltt]kftL,
a]n, h:tf h8La'6Lx? kfOFbf /x]5g\ .
cflz;
M ltd|f] egfO cg';f/ dWojtL{ If]q kof{ko{6gsf nflu clt dxŒjk"0f{ :yn /x]5
xlu <
cd/
M xf] lg ;fyLx? .
s~rg
M cd/ Û -cd/lt/ x]b}{_ ;'?df t d}n] s'/} ga'em]/ ltdLnfO{ lh:sfPF t/ h}ljs
ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf nflu dWojtL{ If]qsf] dxŒj jNn kf] a'em]F . ca t d}n] klg
dWojtL{ If]qsf] e|d0f ug]{ ;f]r agfPF .
cd/
M -v';L x'Fb}_ ;fyLx? ;a}nfO{ wGojfb Û cfh dxŒjk"0f{ ljifodf s'/fsfgL eof] .
s~hg M ;fyLx? Û xfdLn] ca ljBfnoaf6} xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsf leq kg]{ dWojtL{
If]qsf] cjnf]sg e|d0f u/fpg x]8 ;/;Fu ef]ln g} s'/f ug'{ k5{ . ls s;f] <
;a} M -;xdtL hgfpFb}_ xf] xf] . xfdL ;a} 3'Dg hfg'k5{ . 306Lsf] cfjfh;Fu} ;a}hgf
sIfflt/ nfU5g\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 55
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, tkfO{Fn] klg cfˆgf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgLdf l:yt dWojtL{ jg If]q
/ ;Dej eP Pp6f ;fd'bflos jgsf] :ynut e|d0f u/fpg'xf];\ / ToxfF /x]sf b'n{e tyf
d'Vo hgfj/x?sf] af/]df hfgsf/L lbFb}, ltgLx?sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ePsf k|of;sf
af/]df yk k|i6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ .
lqmofsnfk M lqmofsnfk M
• tkfO{Fn] lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h jf v}/xgLdf kg]{ dWojtL{ jg If]qsf] af/]df !%) zAb
g36fO{ lgaGw n]vL sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
cEof;
!_ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ dWojtL{ If]q eg]/ s:tf] If]qnfO{ a'lemG5 <
-v_ dWojtL{ jg If]qnfO{ ;+/If0f ug{'sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] <
-u_ xfn g]kfndf sltj6f dWojtL{ If]qx? /x]sf 5g\ <
-3_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf kg]{ dWojtL{ jg If]q sltj6f ;fd'bflos jg ld;fP/ agfOPsf]
xf] <
-ª_ h}ljs dfu{ lsg agfOG5 <
-r_ b/fO{ af]6] tfn sxfF kb{5 <
@_ tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] nfdf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\.
-s_ dWojtL{ jg tyf ;fd'bflos jgdf s] leGgtf kfOG5 < tL jgdf ;+/If0f ulPsf b'n{e
hLjhGt' / h8La'6Lx?sf] ;"rL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf l:yt dWojtL{ jg If]qsf] e|d0f u/L cfkm"n] b]v]sf /
cg'e"lt u/]sf s'/fx?nfO{ ;d]6]/ Ps lbgsf] b}lgsL tof/ kfg{'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
56
!@
v}/xgLsf h8La'6Lx¿
efOalxgLx? xf] Û v}/xgL k|fs[lts ljljwtf ePsf] gu/kflnsf xf] . s+sfnLb]lv
/fKtLsf] lsgf/;Ddsf] ef}uf]lns ljleGgtfsf sf/0f oxfF ljleGg lsl;dsf jg:kltx?
kfOG5g\ . tL jg:kltx?dWo] sl/a Ps ;o kGw| k|sf/sf h8La'6Lx? k|of]udf /x]sf] kfOPsf]
5 . v}/xgL gu/kflnsfnfO{ h8La'6Lsf] e08f/ eg] klg x'G5 . oxfF kfOg] h8La'6Lx? cToGt
nfesf/L /x]sf 5g\ . dflg;x? la/fdL x'Fbf cfˆgf] 3/sf] 5]p5fpdf ePsf h8La'6Lsf]
k|of]u ul/Fb} cfPsf] kfOG5 . ;fdfGob]lv lgs} hl6n /f]ux?df :yfgLo h8La'6Lsf k|of]uaf6
dflg;x? ;Grf] x'Fb} cfPsf] b]lvG5 .
v}/xgLdf kfOg] h8La'6Lx?sf] Jofj;flos v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . oxfF kfOg] sltko
cToGt b'n{e h8La'6Lx?sf] ;+/If0f u/L To;sf] pTkfbgdf j[l4 ug{ ;s] Psflt/ :j:y
eOG5 eg] csf{lt/ cfDbfgL klg ug{ ;lsG5 . v}/xgLdf kfOg] d'Vo h8La'6Lx?sf] gfd tn
lbOPsf] 5 M–
j|m=;+ h8La'6Lsf] gfd j|m=;+ h8La'6Lsf] gfd j|m=;+ h8La'6Lsf] gfd
1b'w] emf/ 21 le/ªu]emf/ 41 e+[uL/fh
2d/7L ;fgf] 22 ;'gfv/L, ;'gufef 42 lkkn
3df]y]emf/ 23 k'lbgf 43 a/f]{
4lxn]emf/ 24 cld|;f] 44 sk'/
5l3ps'df/L 25 ;fgf]÷7"nf] rd]nL 45 cb'jf
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 57
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• tkfOF{ a;]sf] :yfg j/k/ kfOg] h8La'6Lx? s'g s'g x'g\ < tflnsfaf6 5'6\ofP/
n]Vg'xf];\ .
• tkfOF{sf] 3/ j/k/ kfOg] s'g} kfFr k|sf/ h8La'6Lx? NofP/ sIffdf b]vfpg'xf];\ .
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ v}/xgLdf kfOg] h8La'6Lx?sf] ;"rL agfO{ v}/xgLsf] gS;fdf
tLgLx? kfOg] ;DefJo If]qx?sf] :yfg b]vfOlbg'xf];\ .
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ v}/xgLsf] ef}uf]lns ljleGgtfsf af/]df n]Vg'xf];\ .
-v_ v}/xgLdf slt k|sf/sf h8La'6Lx? kfOG5g\ < tkfO{n] 3/fo;L k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u
ug{] s'g} kfFr k|sf/sf h8La'6Lsf] gfd n]Vg'xf];\ .
cEof;
6/ftf] 3f]8tfk|] 26 c;'/f] 46 sl/kQf
7a]tnf}/L 27 j/sf] dflysf] h/f 47 sf]O/fnf]
8l;sf/L nx/f 28 sfnLemf/, agdf;f 48 n;'g
9xf8]n;'g 29 xl/of] l3ps'df/L 49 lrgLemf/
10 n]dgu|f; 30 cgf/, bfl8d 50 bltjg
11 xn]bf] 31 ;]tf] ef]N6fk|] 51 /fgL l;Gsf
12 afÅdf;] km"n 32 u'hf{] 52 cZjuGwf
13 b'af] 33 wFo/, wfO/f] 53 uf]nsfFs|L
14
n'F8]
34 jgsfkmn 54 sfnLu]8L
15 e'O{Fsfkmn 35 cdf/f] 55 l;dnL
16 sfutL 3fF; 36 rd]nL 56 w'kL
17 vo/ /ftf] 37 s'/f] 57 nhfjtL
18 ufO{ltxf/], kx]Fnf] km'Ng] 38 b'w]emf/ %* cdnf
19 kmny'ªu], ;okqL 39 czf]s %( a]nf}tL
20 vo]/ /ftf] 40 lrKn]e]G8L ^) kfl/hft
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
58
!#
b/fO{ af]6] tfn
afudtL k|b]z lrtjg lhNnf
v}/xgL gu/kflnsf j8f g+= !@ df b/fO{
af]6] tfn cjl:yt /x]sf] 5 . of] tfn
k;f{ ahf/af6 sl/a ^ lsnf]ld6/sf]
b'/Ldf blIf0fdf kb{5 . o; tfn;Dd
cfpgsf nflu c6f], 6\ofDk', l/S;f
cflbsf] ;'ljwf /x]sf] 5 . s'd/f]h dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jgn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] s[lqd tfnn]
cfGtl/s / jfXo ko{6sx?sf nflu ko{6sLo uGToJo ag]sf] 5 . of] jg g]kfnsf] t];|f]
ko{6sLo :yn ;f}/fxf;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . s'd/f]h dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jgsf] ;]jf If]q leq
/x]sf $! 3/3'/LnfO{ nlIft u/L @)&% ;fndf b/fO{ af]6] tfn lgdf{0f ul/Psf] lyof] . lj=;=
@)$% ;fndf :yfkgf ePsf] of] ;fd'bflos jgsf] If]qkmn ^(! x]S6/ /x]sf] 5 . o; tfn
sl/j $ la3f If]qkmndf km}lnPsf] 5 . /fKtL gbLaf6 s'nf]sf] dfWodaf6 kfgL NofO o;
tfndf hDdf ug{'sf] ;fy} a9L ePsf] kfgL cf]e/ ˆnf]sf] dfWodaf6 aflx/ kmfNg ;lsG5 .
cNk;+Vos hflt b/fO{ / af]6]nfO{ nlIft u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf]n] o; tfnsf] gfd g} b/fO{ af]6]
tfn /xg uPsf] xf] . of] tfnsf] k"j{df /fKtL Pstf dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jg, klZrd / pQ/df
s'd/f]h dWojtL{ ;fd'bflos jg, blIf0f tkm{ lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h / /fKtL gbL /x]sf] 5 .
/fKtLafFwn] emg\ o; tfnnfO{ /d0fLo dgdf]xs agfPsf] kfOG5 . of] tfn k|fs[lts, ;f+:s[lts
/ kof{j/0fLo b[li6sf]0fn] klg dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
o; s[lqd tfndf cNk;+Vos hghflt, b/fO{ / af]6] hfltnfO{ nlIft u/L b/fO{ /
af]6] dlxnf ;fd'bflos df5fkfng ;d"x agfO{ df5fkfngsf] dfWodaf6 cfTdlge{/ agfpg]
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 59
nIo lnOPsf] 5 . ko{6sx?sf nflu 8'+uf ;o/, ljleGg hLj hgfj/x?sf] kmf]6f] cjnf]sg,
df5fsf] cWoog cg';Gwfg, ljleGg hLj hgfj/x?sf] k|ToIo cjnf]sg, ko{6s skmL 3/,
/fKtL gbLdf /x]sf] ljleGg df5fsf] b[Zo, nf]k x'g yfn]sf] du/ / 3l8ofn uf]xLsf] cjnf]sg,
b'n{e hLj af3, xl/0f, do'/ cflb b]Vg ;lsG5 . kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] ;Gt'ng, ;f+:s[lts,
k|fs[lts / ko{6sLo b[li6sf]0fn] ubf{ of] tfnsf] dxŒj emg} a9\b} uO/x]sf] kfpg ;lsG5 .
o; tfnsf] ljz]iftf eGg' g} b'n{e Ps l;Ë] u}+8f ;lhn};Fu b]Vg ;lsG5 . ko{6ssf nflu
zf}rfno, vfg]kfgL, ;fdfGo ahf/Lof vfgf, lrof, skmL, cfO;lqmd cflb kfpg ;lsG5 .
lhGbufgL 3f6 tyf s7f/sf] l;dfgf glhs} /x]sf] ;f] tfn ko{6s cfsif{0fsf] s]G›sf]
?kdf ;d]t ljsf; ePsf] 5 . lhk ;kmf/Ldfkm{t tfndf k'u]sf ko{6sx? ToxfFsf /d0fLo
b[Zo cjnf]sg u/]/ /dfpg] u/]sf 5g\ . tfndf 8'Ëf ;o/ ug{] Joj:yfn] emg\ ko{6sx? v';L
ePsf] kfpg ;lsG5 . o; ;fd'bflos jgn] ;+/If0f / ko{6gnfO{ cufl8 a9fP ;Fu;Fu} of] jgn]
kof{ko{6g ;~rfngsf nflu xfQL ;kmf/L, lhk ;kmf/L / 6fj/ /fqL sflng a;fO sfo{qmdn]
ubf{ nueu jif{sf] rf/ kfFr s/f]8 cfDbfgL u/]sf] kfOG5 .
v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] klg o; tfnnfO{ ko{6sLo s]G›sf] ?kdf ljsf; ug{] nIo
lnPsf] 5 . jf:tjdf of] tfn gu/ kflnsfsf] klxrfgsf] ?kdf lnPsf] kfOG5 . o; tfnsf
r'gf}tLx? klg w]/} /x]sf 5g\ . o; tfnsf] jl/k/L kmf]xf]/ /x]sf], tfnsf] jl/k/L cgfjZos
emf8Ln] s'?ktf NofPsf], a:g] 7fpF Jojl:yt gePsf], ko{6s a:gsf nflu ;fgf 6x/f
gePsf], ;"rgf / ;~rf/sf] Joj:yf gePsf], ko{6ssf nflu kyk|bz{ssf] sdL ePsf],
jiff{sf] kfgLn] ubf{ tfn la:tf/} k'l/b} hfg', tfnnfO{ ;do ;dodf ;/;kmfO gx'g', k|rf/ k|;f/
gx'g' cflb . o;sf ;Defjgfx?df ko{6sLo If]qdf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ a9\b} hfg', :yfgLo
txaf6 kof{ko{6gdf hf]8, ;fd'bflos jgsf] /fd|f] nufgL x'g', cfd g]kfnLdf a9\bf] cfGtl/s
ko{6g k|j[lQ cflb /x]sf] 5 . of] tfnnfO{ k|rf/ k|;f/ u/L ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gdf hf]8 lbg ;s]
of] If]q cem} ko{6sLo uGtJo aGg ;S5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
60
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• b/fO{ af]6] tfnsf] Enu jf kmf]6f], :s]r sIffdf k|b{zg ug{'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• tkfO{F cfkm" a;f]af; ug]{ If]qdf /x]sf] tfntn}of, gbLgfnf cflbsf] af/]df sIff
5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
cEof;
s_ tnsf k|Zgx?sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
!= b/fO{ af]6] tfn v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] slt gDj/ j8f k5{<
@= b/fO{ af]6] tfnsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf s] xf]<
#= b/fO{ af]6] tfn s'g ;fd'bflos agdf /x]sf] 5 <
$= b/fO{ af]6] tfn cfTdlge{/tfsf] nflus'g s'g hfltnfO{ nlIft ul/Psf] 5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
v_ tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
!= b/fO{ af]6] tfnsf] 5f]6s/Ldf kl/ro lbg'xf];\ .
@= b/fO{ af]6] tfnsf] ;Defjgf n]Vg'xf];\ .
#= b/fO{ af]6] tfnsf] kmfObf / ;+/If0fdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx? n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= b/fO{ af]6] tfnnfO{ s;/L ko{6sLo :yn agfpg ;lsG5 < n]Vg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• b/fO{ af]6 tfnsf] ;+/If0fsf pkfox?n] n]vL 5f]6s/Ldf Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/
ug{'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 61
:yfgLo v]nx?
PsfO–&
• km'6an v]n
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
62
!$
km'6an v]n
km'6an ;+;f/s} nf]slk|o v]nx? dWo] Ps xf] . of] Pp6f ;fd"lxs v]n xf] /
o;nfO{ !!÷!! v]nf8Lx?sf] b'O{ ;d"x aLr v]Ng] ul/G5 . km'6annfO{ ;fdfGotM Pp6f
cfotfsf/ 3fF; jf s[lqd 3fF; ePsf] d}bfgdf v]lnG5 h;sf] clGtddf Pp6f uf]nkf]:6
x'G5 . v]nf8Lx?åf/f ljkIfL ;d"xsf] uf]nkf]:6df cfˆgf] rfnfsLn] es'08f]nfO{ uf]n ug{'g}
o; v]nsf] p2]Zo xf] . v]ndf uf]n/Ifs g} Pp6f dfq o:tf] v]nf8L x'G5 h;n] es'08f]nfO{
/f]Sg cyjf arfpgsf nflu cfˆgf] xft k|of]u ug{ cg'dlt x'G5 . ;d"xsf] afFsL v]nf8L
es'08f]nfO{ lxsf{pg -lss_sf nflu cfˆgf] v'§fsf] k|of]u u5{g\ . tyf slxn]sfxL+ xfjfdf
es'08f] /f]Sgsf nflu cfˆgf] 5ftL of 6fpsf]sf] k|of]u u5{g\ . h'g ;d"x v]nsf] cGt jf ;do
;dflKt ;Dd a9L uf]n ug{ ;kmn x'G5 Tolx 6f]nL ljho 3f]lift x'G5 . v]nsf] cGt cyf{t
;do ;dflKt;Dd olb v]n a/fa/ /x]df To; v]nnfO{ a/fa/ jf 6fO{ 3f]lift ug{ ;lsG5
cyjf v]nnfO{ cltl/Qm ;dodf lnP/ hfg' / k]gfN6L–;'6cfp6åf/f lhtxf/sf] lg0f{o ug{'
k|ltof]lutfsf] :j?k dfly lge{/ x'G5 .
cfw'lgs km'6annfO{ Oª\NofG8df ‘b km'6an P;f]l;P;gÚ -km'6an ;‹_sf] u7g;Fu}
ufFl;Psf] lyof] / To; nuQ} ;g\ !*^# df agfOPsf] ‘n ckm b u]dÚ -v]nsf] sfg'g_ sf]
cfwf/df g} cfh km'6an v]Ng] ul/G5 . cGt/f{li6«o cfwf/ jf :j?k dfly km'6ansf] lgoGq0f
-km]8/];g OG6/g];gn 8L km'6an P;f]l;P;g_n] u5{ . km'6ansf] ;a}eGbf k|ltli7t cGt/f{li6«o
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 63
/ nf]slk|o k|ltof]lutf lkmkmf ljZj sk xf] h;sf] cfof]hgf k|To]s rf/ aif{sf] cGt/df
ul/G5 . o; k|ltof]lutfnfO{ Jofks ?kdf ;Dk"0f{ ljZjdf x]g]{ ul/G5 .
Oltxf;
of] v]n k|frLg lu|s / /f]dgdf v]Ng] u/]sf] kfO{Psf] 5 . dWoo'udf O6nLdf km'6an
v]nsf] ljsf; x'g yfn]sf] kfO{G5 . kl5 la:tf/} klZrdf b]zx?df km'6an olt nf]slk|o x'b}
uPsf] kfO{G5 . km'6ann] cfw'lgs / Jojl:yt :j?k eg] ;g\ !*^# df O+UNof08 km'6an
Pzf]l;Pzgsf] u7g ePkl5 lnPsf] kfO{G5 . To;} aif{ O+UNof08 km'6an Pzf]l;Pzgsf] u7g
eof] . O+UNof08 km'6an Pzf]l;Pzgsf] u7g ePkl5 ;g\ !*&@ df O+UNof08 / :s6Nof08sf
aLr klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o v]n ePsf] kfO{G5 . ;g\ !()$ df o'/f]ksf ;ftj6f km'6an
;Ë7gx?sf] Ps a}7ssf] lg0f{oaf6 cGt/f{li6«o km'6an dxf;+3sf] hGd ePsf] lyof] . ;g\
!(#) df klxnf] k6s ljZjsk km'6an k|ltof]lutf p?Uj]df cfof]hgf ul/of] . cGt/f{li6«o
km'6an dxf;+3n] rf/ rf/ aif{df ljZjsk km'6an k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o u/] cg';f/
clxn] k|To]s rf/ rf/ aif{df laZjsk km'6an k|ltof]lutf ul/Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
g]kfndf km'6an lj:tf/ ePsf] ;do :ki6 ls6fg ug{ g;lsg] ePtf klg ;g\ !(!#
kl5sf] sfnv08 x'g' kg]{ cg'dfg 5 . 7d]nsf gf/fo0f g/l;+x /f0ff / gS;fnsf ;"o{h+u
yfkf Tof] a]nf g]kfnL km'6andf ;'lgPsf gfd x'g . g/zDz]/n] g]kfnL km'6annfO{ ;+:yfut
?k eg] lbPsf x'g . ;g\ !(#) df hgkIfLo / b/af/ ;+/lIft l6dn] ;femf ?kdf l;+xb/af/,
5fpgL, uf}r/0f, hfjnfv]n / n}grf]/df km'6an d}bfg agfPsf] b]lvG5 .
d}bfgsf] cfsf/
km'6ansf] !! ;fO8 v]nsf] nflu d}bfg / uf]nkf]:6sf] cfsf/ lgDg k|sf/sf x'G5 .
nDafO M !)) ld6/ b]lv !!) ld6/
rf}8fO M ^$ ld6/ b]lv &% ld6/
uf]nkf]:6sf] cfsf/
prfO M @=$$ ld6/ -* lkm6_
rf}8fO M &=#@ ld6/ -@$ lkm6_
& ;fO8 km'6ansf] nflu d}bfg / uf]nkf]:6sf] cfsf/ lgDg k|sf/sf x'G5g\M
nDafO M %) ld6/ b]lv ^% ld6/
rf}8fO M #) ld6/ b]lv $% ld6/
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
64
uf]nkf]:6sf] cfsf/
prfO M @ ld6/
rf}8fO M % ld6/
% ;fO8 km'6ansf] nflu d}bfg / uf]nkf]:6sf] cfsf/ lgDg k|sf/sf x'G5g\
nDafO M @% ld6/ b]lv $@ ld6/
rf}8fO M !^ ld6/ b]lv @% ld6/
uf]nkf]:6sf] cfsf/
prfO M @ ld6/
rf}8fO M # ld6/
v]nsf lgod
6Ld M k|To]s l6ddf !! v]nf8L x'G5g\, h;df uf]nlsk/ klg ;dfj]z x'G5 .
;lA:66\o'6 M cflwsfl/s v]ndf # b]lv % ;lA:66\o'6 v]nf8Lx? kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5,
k|ltof]lutf cg';f/ km/s x'g ;S5 .
kf];fs M v]nf8Lx?n] h;L{, ;6{\;, df]hf, lzguf8{ / SnL6\; -km'6an h'Qf_ nufpg'
k5{ .
uf]nlsk/ M uf]nlsk/sf] kf];fs afFsL v]nf8Lx?sf] eGbf km/s /+usf] x'g'k5{ .
v]n ;do
;do M v]n () ldg]6sf] x'G5, h;nfO{ b'O{ xfkmdf afFl8G5, k|To]s xfkm $% ldg]6sf]
x'G5 .
cltl/Qm ;do M OGh'/L 6fOdsf] nflu yk ;do k|bfg ul/G5 .
ansf] lgod
kmfpn M xftn] an 5'g', nft xfGg', wSsf lbg' / cglws[t tl/sfn] an lng] k|of;
ug{'nfO{ kmfpn dflgG5 .
sf8{
kx]nf] sf8{ M r]tfjgLsf] nflu .
/ftf] sf8{ M v]naf6 lgsflng] ;+s]t xf] . b'O{ kx]nf] sf8{ klg /ftf] sf8{df kl/0ft x'G5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 65
uf]n
uf]n M an ljkIfLsf] uf]nkf]:6sf] leq hfg' k5{ / uf]nkf]:6sf] leqsf] ;Dk"0f{
If]qnfO{ kf/ ug{' k5{ .
k|mL lss / k]gfN6L
k|mL lss M kmfpn ePsf] 7fpFdf k|mL lss lbOG5 .
k]gfN6L M k]gfN6L If]qdf kmfpn ePdf k]gfN6L lss lbOG5 .
ckm;fO8
ckm;fO8 M cfqmd0f ug]{ v]nf8L an v]Nbf ljkIfLsf] uf]nkf]:6sf] glhs dfq
l8km]G8/eGbf cufl8 x'g' x'Fb}g .
y|f]–Og, sg{/, / uf]n lss
y|f]–Og M an ;fO8nfOgaf6 aflx/ uPdf, ljkIfL l6dn] y|f]–Og lnG5 .
sg{/ lss M an uf]nkf]:6sf] glhsaf6 ljkIfLn] 6r ubf{, cfqmd0fsf/L l6dnfO{ sg{/
lss lbOG5 .
uf]n lss M an uf]nkf]:6sf] glhsaf6 cfqmd0fsf/Ln] 6r ubf{, l8km]lG8ª l6dn] uf]n
lss lnG5 .
;fdfGo kmfpnx¿
lsls+u M ljkIfL v]nf8LnfO{ nft xfGg' .
l6«lk+u M ljkIfL v]nf8LnfO{ v'§f nufP/ 7]; lbg' .
hlDk+u M ljkIfL v]nf8LnfO{ dflyaf6 xfd kmfNg' .
rflh{+u M ljkIfL v]nf8LnfO{ ank"j{s wSsf lbg' .
lxl6+u M ljkIfL v]nf8LnfO{ d'Ssf of yKk8 xfGg' .
k'lz+u M ljkIfL v]nf8LnfO{ ws]Ng' .
xf]lN8+u M ljkIfL v]nf8LnfO{ ;dft]/ /f]Sg' .
l:kl6+u M ljkIfL v]nf8Ldf y'Sg' .
XofG8an M uf]nlsk/ afx]s cGo v]nf8Ln] an xftn] v]Ng' .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
66
6]lSgsn kmfpnx?
ckm;fO8 M cfqmd0f ug]{ v]nf8L an v]Nbf ljkIfLsf] uf]nkf]:6sf] glhs dfq
l8km]G8/eGbf cufl8 x'g' .
l8;]Gzg M /]k|mLsf] lg0f{osf] k|ltjfb ug{ w]/} hfFu/ b]vfpg' .
8fOleª M kmfpn ePsf] gf6s ug{ hfgfhfgL d}bfgdf klN6g' .
cg:kf]6{\;DofgnfOs sG8S6 M v]n efjgf ljk/Ltsf ultljlwx? ug{' .
;+sfout kmfpnx?
l8n]Oª b u]d M v]n l9nf u/fpg] p2]Zon] hfgfhfgL ;do v]/ kmfNg' .
km]ln+u 6" /]:k]S6 b /]Sjfo8{ l8:6]G; M k|mL lss, sg{/ lss of y|f]–Ogsf] ;dodf cfjZos
b"/Ldf gx6\g' .
lnle+u b kmLN8 ljbfp6 k/ldzg M /]k|mLsf] cg'dlt lagf d}bfg 5f]8\g' .
k|mL lss M ;fdfGo kmfpnsf] nflu ljkIfL l6dnfO{ k|mL lss lbOG5 .
k]gfN6L lss M k]gfN6L If]qleq kmfpn ePdf ljkIfL l6dnfO{ k]gfN6L lss lbOG5 .
sf8{
kx]nf] sf8{ M r]tfjgLsf] ?kdf lbOG5 .
/ftf] sf8{ M v]nf8LnfO{ v]naf6 lgsfNg] ;+s]t xf] . b'O{ kx]nf] sf8{ klg /ftf] sf8{df
kl/0ft x'G5 .
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfyL{nfO{ km'6an k|ltof]lutfdf ;xefuL u/fpg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{nfO{ ;Dej eP;Dd ljBfnodf km'6an d}bfg gfk]/ tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• :yfgLo ?kdf v]lng] v]nx?sf] ;"rL agfO{ ltgsf lgodx? n]Vg'xf];\ .
• ljBfnodf sIffut km'6an k|ltof]lutf cfof]hgf ug'{xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 67
cEof;
!= l7s a]l7s 5'6\ofpg'xf];\ .
-s_ km'6an g]kfnsf] /fli6«o v]n xf] .
-v_ g]kfndf km'6ansf] la:tf/ ;g\ !(!# kl5sf] sfnv08df ePsf] cg'dfg 5 .
-u_ ;fdfGotof km'6ansf] k|To]s l6ddf !! v]nf8L x'G5g\, h;df uf]nlsk/ klg ;dfj]z
x'G5 .
-3_ an ;fO8nfOgaf6 aflx/ uPdf, ljkIfL l6dn] y|f]–Og lnG5 .
-ª_ km'6an v]n () ldg]6sf] x'G5, h;nfO{ b'O{ xfkmdf afFl8G5, k|To]s xfkm $% ldg]6sf]
x'G5 .
-r_ ljkIfL v]nf8LnfO{ v'§f nufP/ 7]; lbg l6«lk+u elgG5 .
-5_ & ;fO8 km'6ansf] nflu uf]nkf]:6sf] cfsf/ prfOM $ ld6/ rf}8fOM % ld6/ x'G5 .
-h_ % ;fO8 km'6ansf] nflu uf]nkf]:6sf] cfsf/ prfOM @ ld6/, rf}8fOM # ld6/ x'G5 .
@= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ n]Vg'xf];\ .
-s_ g]kfndf km'6an v]n slxn] leqLPsf] kfOG5 <
-v_ s:tf] cj:yfdf v]nf8Ln] /ftf] / kx]Fnf] sf8{ kfp5g\ <
-u_ km'6an v]nsf ;fdfGo kmfpnx? s] s] x'g <
-3_ km'6an v]nsf] nflu d}bfgsf] cfsf/ / uf]nkf]:6sf] cfsf/ s:tf] s:tf] x'g'kb{5 <
-ª_ km'6an v]nsf 6]lSgsn kmfpnx? s] s] x'g\ <
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
68
;8s ;'/Iff / ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
PsfO–*
• ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 69
!%
ljkb\ Joj:yfkg
;'l:dtf / pgnfO{ ;fdflhs ljifo k9fpg] sfGtf lzlIfsfsf lar ljkb\ / ljkb\
Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf s'/fsfgL x'G5 .
;'l:dtf M ld;, ljkb\ eg]sf] s] xf] <
lzlIfsf M ljkb\ eg]sf] cs:dft\ cfOkg]{ sl7gfO jf ;d:of xf] . k|fs[lts jf ck|fs[lts
?kdf l;lh{t ;Í6sf] cj:yfnfO{ ljkb\ elgG5 . s'g} :yfgdf cfkt\sfnLg
cj:yf l;h{gf eO{ hg jf wgsf] Ifltsf] ;fy} hLjgofkg / jftfj/0fdf
k|lts"n c;/ kg{' g} ljkb\ xf] . ljkb h'g;'s} :j?k, k|sf/ / cj:yfsf] eP
klg dfgj, hLjhGt' / jftfj/0fsf nflu clk|o g} x'G5 . elgG5 …ljkb\ afhf
ahfP/ cfpFb}gÚ cyf{t\ ljkb\ k"j{ ;"rgfljgf g} cfpF5 .
;'l:dtf M ljkb\ slt k|sf/sf x'G5g\ ld; <
lzlIfsf M ;fwf/0ftofM ljkb\ b'O{ k|sf/sf x'G5g–k|fs[lts / u}/ k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo
ljkb\ . k|fs[lts ljkb\ eg]sf] k|s[ltn] l;h{gf ug]{ ljleGg xflgsf/s
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
70
lqmofsnfkx?nfO{ a'lemG5 . e"sDk, xfjfx'/L, ;'gfdL, r6\ofª, af9L, klx/f],
e"Ifo, 8'afg, v8]/L, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6, cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, cl;gf, lxdklx/f],
zLtnx/, cfFwLx'/L, Hjfnfd'vL la:kmf]6 cflb k|fs[lts ljkb\ x'g\ . dfgjLo
jf u}/k|fs[lts ljkb\ eGgfn] dxfdf/L, clgsfn, 89]nf], sL6 jf ;"Id hLjf0f'
cftÍ, kz' tyf r/fr'?ËLdf x'g] ˆn", KofG8flds ˆn", ;k{b+z, hgfj/ cftÍ,
vfgL, xjfO{, ;8s, hn jf cf}Bf]lus b'3{6gf, cfunfuL, ljiffQm UofF;,
/;fog jf ljls/0f r'xfj6, UofF; ljikmf]6g, ljiffQm vfB ;]jg cflbnfO{
a'lemG5 .
;'l:dtf M g]kfn ljkb\sf b[li6n] s:tf] d'n's xf] <
lzlIfsf M g]kfn af9L, klx/f], e"sDk, dxfdf/L, cfunfuL, xfjfx'/L, r6\ofË, cl;gf, n",
zLtnx/, v8]/L, lxdtfn lj:kmf]6 tyf lxdklx/f]sf] pRr hf]lvddf /x]sf]
d'n's xf] . hnjfo'hGo kl/jtg{sf sf/0f kg]{ k|lts"n k|efjaf6 klg g]kfn
;+j]bgzLn cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 . g]kfn ljZjdf hf]lvdsf] :t/Ls/0fsf] cfwf/df
x]bf{ e"sDkLo hf]lvdsf] lx;fan] P3f/f}+ :yfgdf, af9L tyf klx/f]sf] k|sf]ksf]
hf]lvdsf] lx;fan] lt;f}F :yfgdf / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efjsf] hf]lvdsf]
lx;fan] rf}yf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .
;'l:dtf M ljkb\ Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
lzlIfsf M ljkb\sf] /f]syfd Pjd\ lgoGq0f, p4f/ Pjd\ k'g:yf{kgfsf] sfo{ g} ljkb\
Joj:yfkg xf] . ljkb\sf] k"j{ tof/Lsf] cj:yf, ljklQ cfPkl5 To;sf]
tTsfn lgoGq0f, p4f/ Pjd\ /fxtsf] Joj:yf, ljkb\sf] 36gfkl5 ul/g]
k'glg{df{0f Pjd\ k'g:yf{kgf / eljiodf o; lsl;dsf] cj:yf cfpg glbg
jf cfPdf To;sf] nflu k'gM tof/L /xg] cj:yf;Ddsf pkfox?nfO{ ljkb\
Joj:yfkg elgG5 .
;'l:dtf M ljkb\sf ;dodf ul/g] sfo{x? s] s] x'g\ <
lzlIfsf M ljkb\sf] ;dodf ul/g] ;a}eGbf klxnf] sfd p4f/ xf] . ;d:ofdf k/]sf
dflg;x?nfO{ arfpg' klxnf] sfo{ xf] . ljkb\df k/L 3fOt] ePsfx?nfO{
l56f]eGbf l56f] pkrf/ u/fpg]tkm{ nfUg'kb{5 . p4f/stf{x?n] 36gf:ynd}
k|fylds pkrf/ u/]/ cj:yf cg';f/ cGo pkrf/sf nflu c:ktfn
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 71
n}hfg'kb{5 . ljkb\sf a]nfdf cflQg' x'Fb}g . ljj]s / w}o{tfsf ;fy sfd
ug{'kb{5 .
;'l:dtf M ljkb\sf] ;dodf s;n] s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'k5{ <
lzlIfsf M ljkb\sf ;dodf s;}n] klg /ldtf x]/]/ a:g'x'Fb}g . o:tf] a]nfdf ;a}eGbf
7"nf] e"ldsf ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] lgjf{x ug{ ;S5g\ . ;'/IffsdL{, g]kfnL
;]gf jf c¿ s;}n] dfq p4f/ u5{g\ eg]/ a:g'x'Fb}g . …;]jf g} wd{ xf]Ú eGg]
efjgfn] sfd ug{'kb{5 . km]l/ ljkb\ eGg] s'/f h;nfO{ hlta]nf klg cfOnfUg
;S5 . tflndk|fKt hgzlQm, ;]gf, k|x/L, sd{rf/L, lzIfs, :jf:YosdL{, g]tf,
:yfgLo hgk|ltlglw ;a}n] lhDd]jf/ eP/ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;s] ljkb\df
k/]sf gful/sn] /fxtsf] dx;'; ug{ ;S5g\ .
;'l:dtf M ljkb\ k"j{ ug{'kg]{ tof/L s] s] x'g\ <
lzlIfsf M ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu ljkb\ k"j{sf] tof/L ug{'k5{ . k|To]sn] ljkb\ cfpg
;S5 eGg] ;f]r]/ em6k6 emf]nf tof/L cj:yfdf /fVg'kb{5, h;df 6r{ nfO6,
tof/L vfg]s'/f, k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdu|Lx? ;dfj]z x'g'k5{ .
;'l:dtf M ljkb\ k'g:yf{kgf eg]sf] s] xf] t ld; <
lzlIfsf M ljkb\df k/]sf dflg; jf ;d'bfonfO{ klxn]s} cj:yfdf Nofpg] sfo{ g}
k'g:yf{kgf xf] . kLl8t JolQm jf ;d'bfosf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs, z}lIfs,
;f+:s[lts kIfdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg ljkb\kl5 k'g:yf{kgfsf sfo{
ug{'kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf] k'g:yf{kgf ubf{ eljiodf cfOkg]{ yk ljkb\sf 36gfaf6
arfpg] u/L k"j{ cj:yfsf] l;h{gf ug{'k5{ .
;'l:dtf M ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf qmddf :yfgLo ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] e"ldsf
x'Fb}g ld; <
lzlIfsf M lsg gx'g', x'G5 lg . :yfgLo ;fwg, ;|f]t / l;ksf] k|of]uaf6 ljkb\sf ;dodf
p4f/, /fxt / k'g:yf{kgf ug{sf nflu :yfgLo ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf]
dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g, @)&$ sf] bkmf !!
df ufpFkflnsf tyf gu/kflnsfsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/cGtu{t\ ljkb\
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{x? pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
72
Joj:yfkg P]g @)&$ sf] bkmf !& cg';f/ k|To]s :yfgLo txn] ufpFkflnsf
tyf gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'v jf cWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf a9Ldf kGw| ;b:o /xg]
u/L :yfgLo ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . v}/xgLdf
klg gu/k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf ul7t ljkb\ Joj:yfkg ;ldlt /x]sf] 5, h;n]
ljkb\sf k"j{sf] tof/L, ljkb\kl5sf] p4f/ / k'g:yf{kgfsf sfo{x? ub{} cfPsf]
5 .
;'l:dtf M xfd|f] v}/xgLdf s:tf s:tf ljkb\x? b]vfk5{g\ ld; <
lzlIfsf M /fd|f] s'/f ;f]Wof} . oxfF a]nfa]nfdf af9L, cfunfuL, ;8s b'3{6gf, hª\unL
hgfj/sf] cfj|md0f cflb ljkb\x? b]vf kb{5g\ .
;'l:dtf M v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf nflu s] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 t <
lzlIfsf M ljkb\ Joj:yfkgsf] nflu gu/kflnsfn] u/]sf] pbfx/0fLo sfo{ gbLgfnfx?sf]
t6aGw xf] . x/]s j8fsf] ljleGg vf]nfdf t6aGwsf] ;d:of /x]klg gu/kflnsfn]
o;sf] nflu ax'jifL{o of]hgf NofP/ x/]s jif{ t6aGw ug{] sfd ul//x]sf] 5 .
lzIf0f ;'emfj MlzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL cflb k|sf]ksf ;DaGwdf k"jf{Eof;
u/fpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• tkfO{Fsf] ufpFdf jiff{sf] ;dodf 7"nf] klx/f] uof] / tkfO{Fsf] l5d]sLsf] 3/ k'l/of] .
o:tf] cj:yfdf tkfFO{n] s] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 < 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
• lzIfs tyf OG6/g]6sf] ;xfotfdf ;Dej eP ;Ddsf ;fdfu|Lx? /fvL 3/df
em6k6 emf]nf tof/ ug{'xf];\ .
• sIffdf tLg ;d"x agfO{ ljkb\ k"j{ s] ug{], ljkb\sf a]nfdf s] ug{], ljkb\kZrft\ s]
ug{] eGg] s'/f 5nkmn u/L tflnsfdf lzIfssf] ;xof]udf k|:t't ug{'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 73
ljkt\k"j{ ljkb\sf] a]nf ljkb\kZrft\
cEof;
!= vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ M
-s_ k|fs[lts ljkb\ d'VotM ============== sf] sf/0fn] x'G5 . -dflg;÷k|s[lt_
-v_ ljkb\ cfO;s]kl5 ;a}eGbf klxn] ============== sf] p4f/ ug{'k5{ . -kz'÷dflg;_
-u_ ljkb\sf a]nfdf ================ sfd ug{'k5{ . -w}o{sf ;fy÷xtfl/P/_
-3_ p4f/sf s|ddf ;j{k|yd ============= dfG5]nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'k5{ . -alnof÷czSt_
@= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;ª\lIfKt pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ ljkb\ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-u_ ljkb\ k"j{ ug{'kg]{ tof/Lx? s]s] x'g\ <
-3_ ljkb\ k'g:yf{kgf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 <
-ª_ ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf gu/kflnsfn] s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 <
#= tnsf jfSox¿ l7s eP l7s lrGx -_ / a]l7s eP a]l7s lrXg -_ nufpg'xf];\M
-s_ e"sDk dfgjLo uNtLsf sf/0fn] cfpF5 .
-v_ g]kfn ljkb\sf b[li6df s'g} hf]lvd gePsf] d'n's xf] .
-u_ ljkb\ k'g:yf{fkgf eg]sf] ljkb\af6 dflg;nfO{ klxn]s} cj:yfdf Nofpg' xf] .
-3_ ljkb\sf ;dodf ;a} sfd ;]gf, k|x/L, :jf:YosdL{n] dfq ug{'k5{ .
-ª_ k|sf]ksf ;dodf ufpFkflnsf jf gu/kflnsfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
74
;x/L ljsf;, k|b"if0f tyf
kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkg
PsfO–(
• :jR5 jftfj/0f
• v}/xgL gu/:t/Lo uf}/jsf cfof]hgf
• k|b"if0f
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 75
!^
æjftfj/0fÆ eGgfn] k|fslts, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs k|0ffnL, cfly{s tyf dfgjLo
lqmofsnfk, logsf cjojx? tyf tL cjojx?sf] larsf] cGt/lqmof tyf cGt/;DaGw
a'lemG5 .
:jR5 jftfj/0f eg]sf] cfˆgf]
jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf / :jR5 x'g' xf] .
:jR5 jftfj/0f x'g' dflg; / hGt' b'j}nfO{
Psbd} h?/L 5 . jftfj/0fn] dflg;sf]
hLjg s:tf] 5 eGg] a'emfpF5 . :jR5
tyf ;kmf jftfj/0f dfgj hLjgsf nflu
cTofjZos tŒj xf] . oxL :jR5 / :j:y
jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] dflg;sf] df}lns clwsf/ klg xf] . ;dfhsf] ;d[l4sf] ;"rssf
?kdf ;d]t :jR5 tyf :j:y jftfj/0fnfO{ lnOG5 . t/ a9\bf] ;x/Ls/0f, ef}lts ljsf;
tyf cGo ljleGg dfgjLo k|efjsf sf/0f xfd|f] :jR5, :j:y / ;kmf jftfj/0f lbg k|ltlbg
lau|Fbf] cj:yfdf 5 . oxL lau|Fbf] jftfj/0fsf sf/0f dfgj :jf:y / ;dfhsf] ;d[l4df ljljw
afwf c8\rg ylkFb} 5g\ .
sfg'gL ?kdf g} x/]s d'n'sn] :jR5 jftfj/0fnfO{ dfgj clwsf/;Fu hf]8]sf
5g\ . t/ klg cNkljsl;t tyf ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sn] :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] ljifonfO{
Jojxf/df ptfg{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f #) n] klg k|To]s gful/snfO{
:jR5 jftfj/0fsf] df}lns xs k|Tofe"t u/]sf] 5 . kLl8t kIfnfO{ jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f
jf x|f;af6 sfg'g adf]lhd Ifltk"lt{ kfpg] xs x'g] s'/f;d]t pNn]v 5 . jf:tjdf dfgj
:jf:y;Fu k|ToIf ?kdf jftfj/0fLo kIf hf]l8Psfn] :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] sfg'gL cfwf/ tof/
ul/Psf] xf] .
:jR5 jftfj/0f
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
76
jftfj/0fLo sfg'gsf ;DaGwdf g]kfnsf] Oltxf; s]nfpg] xf] eg] klg ljleGg
sfnv08df :jR5 jftfj/0fsf nflu /fHosf zf;s ju{x?n] ljljw sfg'gL cEof;x?
u/]sf lyP . k|frLg ls/fFtL zf;sx?n] ufpF ;kmf /fVg] tyf kmf]xf]/ d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkgsf]
nflu lgodx? lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . uf}td a'4 cfkm}Fdf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f k|]dL lyP . To:t}
lnR5ljsfnsf zf;sx?n] klg /fhs'nf] tyf jg ;+/If0fdf lgod lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . zfx
zf;g sfndf /fhf /fd zfxn] kFw]/f]sf] jl/kl/sf] jg hª\un sf6\g k|ltaGw g} nufPsf
lyP . lj+=;+= !(!) df lnlvt sfg'gsf] ?kdf d'n'sL P]g cfP kZrft\ e"pkof]u, af6f] ;kmf,
jg Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf ljleGg dxnx?df Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] .
jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g @)&^ / jftfj/0f ;+/If0f lgodfjnL @)&& n] klg jftfj/0fLo
x|f;af6 dfgj hflt nufot ;Dk"0f{df k|lts"n k|efjnfO{ sd
u/L :jR5 tyf :j:y jftfj/0f
sfod ug{ / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u ug{ ljljw Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;dfhdf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx? lbg k|ltlbg al9/x] klg lgodgsf/L lgsfo / cfd
dflg;df oL ;d:ofx?k|lt eg] sd rf;f] b]lvG5 . sfg'gL ?kdf g} :jR5 jftfj/0fnfO{
df}lns xs dfg] klg Jojxf/df ;DalGwtsf] Wofg To;tkm{ s]lG›t ePsf] kfOFb}g . ljljw
k|b"if0fx?sf] cj:yf eg] emgemg\ ljs/fn aGb} 5 . clxn] ;x/L If]qx?df Knfli6shGo
kmf]xf]/n] jftfj/0fdf c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 . Knfli6shGo kbfy{sf] plrt k'gM k|of]u x'g;s]sf]
5}g . Knfli6shGo j:t'sf] k|of]udf dfkb08x? ag] klg Tof] Jojl:yt ?kdf sfof{Gjog
x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ;x/L If]qdf w'jfF w'nf]n] hghLjg g} cfqmfGt kf/]sf] 5 . kmf]xf]/sf] plrt
Joj:yfkg x'g g;Sbf ;x/L Pj+ u|fdL0f If]qx?df jftfj/0fLo ;d:of w]/} 5g\ . To;}u/L
ljsf;sf] gfddf k|>o kfpg] ljgf;sf sfo{n] jftfj/0f laufl//x]sf 5g\ .
jftfj/0fnfO{ :jR5 /fVg lbuf] ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff, jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"NofÍg,
k"j{ ;fjwfgL, ;fj{hlgs Gofo nufotsf s'/fx?df ljz]if Wofg lbg' h?/L 5 . jftfj/0fLo
;d:ofx? sd ug{ ;Dk"0f{ cfd ;/f]sf/jfnfx? klg hfu?s x'g' kb{5 . k|b"lift jftfj/0fn]
dfgj :jf:Yo dfq geO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;fF:s[lts If]qnfO{ g/fd|f] c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5 .
dfgjsf] ;d'Ggt eljio lgdf{0f klg jftfj/0f ;+/If0f;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5 . To;}n] ;+ljwfgn] g}
lbPsf] :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afFRg kfpg] xssf] nflu ;DalGwt ;a}sf] Wofg s]lG›t x'g' kb{5 .
xfdLn] klg v}/xgL gu/kflnsfnfO{ :jR5 jftfj/0f ePsf] gu/kflnsf agfpg dg 5 eg]
xfdLn] kmf]xf]/d}nfx?nfO{ ;xL 7fpFdf /fVg'k5{ . gu/kflnsfåf/f tf]lsPsf] dfkb08sf cfwf/
df kmf]xf]/ pT;h{g, juL{s/0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkgdf Ps ;r]t gful/sn] lgefpg' kg{] e"ldsf
lgjf{x ug{'k5{ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 77
lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ 8:6lagsf] k|of]u, :s'n a; tyf ;fj{hlgs oftfoftsf ;fwgsf
em\ofnaf6 Knfli6s tyf kmf]xf]/ kmfNg gx'g] / :yfgLo :t/s} ;fdfu|Laf6 8:6lag
lgdf{0f u/L 3/ tyf ljBfnosf k|of]u ug{ nufpg'xf];\ .
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• efOalxgL xf] Û jftfj/0f ljgf;n] kf/]sf] c;/sf af/]df o'6'a lel8of] x]/L sIffdf
;a}nfO{ ;'gfpg'xf];\ .
• v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] lghL If]qsf] ;xefuLtfdf kmf]xf]/ jlu{s/0f tyf Joj:yfkgsf
;DaGwdf u/]sf lqmofsnfksf] af/]df :ynut k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
! tnsf k|Zgx? l7s eP l7s / a]l7s eP a]l7s n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ :jR5 jftfj/0f eg]sf] cfˆgf] jl/kl/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf / :jR5 x'g' xf] .
-v_ :jR5 jftfj/0fdf afRg kfpg] dflg;sf] df}lns xs xf] .
-u_ lj+=;+= !(@) df lnlvt sfg'gsf] ?kdf d'n'sL P]g cfPsf] xf] .
-3_ sfg'gL ?kdf g} :jR5 jftfj/0fnfO{ df}lns xs dflgPsf] 5 .
-ª_ vf]nf gfnfsf] :jR5tf xfd|f] wd{ ;+:s[lt;Fu hf]l8Psf] 5}g .
@= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ jftfj/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ jftfj/0fsf af/]df g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf s] s'/f pNn]v 5 <
-u_ zx/L If]qdf jftfj/0fsf] cj:yf s] 5 <
-3_ jftfj/0fLo sfg'gsf] Joj:yf s] 5 <
-ª_ v}/xgL gu/kflnsfsf] kmf]xf]/ Joj:yfkgdf xfdLn] s:tf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{'k5{ .
cEof;
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
78
!&
cfˆgf] gu/nfO{ lrgfpg] jf uj{ ug]{ of]hgfx?nfO{ gu/sf uf}/jsf cfof]hgf elgG5 .
h'g cfof]hgfn] ;du|df v}/xgL gu/sf] uf}/jnfO{ a9fpF5 . o:tf of]hgfx?n] ljsf;sf]
k"jf{wf/nfO{ nlIft u/]sf] kfOG5 . lglZrt ;dofjlwdf ;DkGg ul/;Sg] u/L ljljw nIosf
;fy ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] k|of]u u/]/ ;'Jojl:yt tj/af6 ;~rflnt ljsf;sf sfo{qmd g}
ljsf;sf cfof]hgf x'g\ . s'g} cfof]hgf :yfgLo :t/df t s'g} k|b]z :t/df ;~rflnt
x'G5g\ eg] s'g} /fli6«o :t/af6 g} ;~rfngdf /x]sf x'G5g\ . v}/xgL gu/kflnsfdf ;~rflnt
cfof]hgfn] o; If]qsf] ljsf;sf] k"jf{wf/df sf];]9'+ufsf] ?kdf /xg] 5 . o; cfof]hgfn]
gu/jf;LnfO{ ljsf;sf] cg'e"lt / ckgTjsf] k|Tofe"lt lbnfpg] sf]l;; u/]sf] 5 . v}/xgL
gu/kflnsfdf /x]sf gu/:t/Lo uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx? w]/} /x]sf 5g\ . tL dWo] s]xL k|d'\v
cfof]hgf o;k|sf/ 5g\ M
!= v}/xgL rf]sb]lv j8f g+=!@ sf] ;8sdf 9n;lxt af6f] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf,
@= r}gk'/ rf]sb]lv pQ/tkm{ k'nb]lv ljGbafl;gL rf]s x'Fb} lzjfno hfg] af6f] lgdf{0f,
#= l8HgL kfs{b]lv kDkmf k'n x'Fb} afaf UofF;;Ddsf] 5]p af6f] ;lxtsf] 8\ofu lgdf{0fdf
lg/Gt/tf,
v}/xgL gu/:t/Lo uf}/jsf
cfof]hgfx?
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 79
$= j8f g+= * dugL rf]sb]lv pQ/ v}/xgL # sf] j8f sfof{no hfg] af6f] 9n k]6L;lxtsf]
;8s lgdf{0f lg/Gt/tf,
%= l;dn6fF8L rf]s pQ/ blIf0f b'j}tkm{ gfnf, k]6L;lxtsf] ;8s lgdf{0f lg/Gt/tf,
^= k;f{ rf]s, nflN6g ahf/, ;'Ntgf x'Fb} 9'Ë|] vf]nf k'n;Dd hfg] ;8s lgdf{0f lg/Gt/tf,
&= v}/xgL –! Hofld/]sf] b'j}tkm{ af6f] tyf gfnf lgdf{0f,
*= zflGtahf/ s7f/ af6f] tyf gfnf lgdf{0f,
(= v}/xgL –!! 9'Ëgf rf]sb]lv j8f sfof{no hfg] af6f] lgdf{0f,
!)= v}/xgL sj8{ xn lgdf{0f,
!!= v}/xgL gu/ c:ktfn,
lzIf0f ;'emfjlzIf0f ;'emfj
• v}/xgL gu/kflnsfn] k|sfzg ug{] cfly{s ;j]{If0f, gu/ ljsf; of]hgf k':tsaf6
gu/kflnsfsf of]hgfx? ljBfyL{x?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ .
lzIf0f lqmofsnfklzIf0f lqmofsnfk
• tkfOsf] If]qdf eO/x]sf gu/:t/Lo uf}/j cfof]hgfsf] ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cjnf]sg
u/fO{ sIffdf o;sf] kmfObf af/] 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ .
s= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
!= cfof]hgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
@= v}/xgL gu/:t/Lo s'g} kfFr j6f uf}/j cfof]hgfx?sf] ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
#= gu/:t/Lo uf}/j cfof]hgfx?sf] kmfObf n]Vg'xf];\ .
$= gu/:t/Lo uf}/j cfof]hgfx?sf] ;d:of / r'gf}tLx? a'Fbfut ?kdf n]Vg'xf];\ .
cEof;
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
80
kl/of]hgf sfo{kl/of]hgf sfo{
• tkfO{sf] If]qdf /x]sf gu/:t/Lo uf}/j cfof]hgfsf] af/]df ToxfF /x]sf
hgk|ltlglwx?nfO{ ;f]wL o;sf kmfObf / r'gf}tL af/] Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{'xf];\ .
v= vfnL 7fFpdf ldNg] zAb eg{'xf];\ .
!= cfˆgf] gu/nfO{ lrgfpg] jf uj{ ug]{ of]hgfx?nfO{ gu/sf uf}/jsf =================
elgG5 .
@= lglZrt ;dofalwdf ;DkGg ul/;Sg] u/L ljljw nIosf ;fy ;fwg / ;|f]tsf]
=================== ul/Psf] x'G5 .
#= s'g} cfof]hgf :yfgLo :t/df t s'g} k|b]z :t/df =================== x'G5g\ .
$= gu/:t/Lo cfof]hgfx? ;dodf g} ;DkGg x'g g;Sg' lgdf{0f Joj;foLx?sf]
=================== xf] .
%= v}/xgL rf]sb]lv j8f g+=!@ sf] ;8sdf 9n;lxt af6f] lgdf{0f sfo{sf] ================
/x]sf] 5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 81
!*
k|b"if0f
xfdLn] b]v]sf jftfj/0fdf c;Gt'ng
cfpg' eg]sf] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f xf] . xfd|f] j/k/sf]
jftfj/0f ;kmf gx'g' / k|fs[lts cj:yfdf cfpg]
gsf/fTds k|efj g} jftfj/0f k|b"if0f xf] . clxn]
jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ljZjJofkL ;d:of ag]sf]
5 . jftfj/0f k|b"if0fnfO{ jfo' k|b"if0f, Wjlg
k|b"if0f, vfB k|b"if0f, cf}Bf]lus, e"ld cflb
ljleGg k|b"if0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 . xfjf,
kfgL, hldg cflbdf ljleGg sf/0fn] ef}lts, h}ljs tyf /f;folgs kl/jt{g cfO{ ltgLx?sf]
u'0f:t/df Xf; cfpg] k|lqmofnfO{ xfdL jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f eGg ;S5f}+ .
jt{dfg cj:yfdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] jftfj/0fdf gs/fTds c;/ k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
ljutb]lv g} dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] unt k|of]u al9/x]sf] 5 .
h;nfO{ jftj/0f k|b"if0fsf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
dfgj ;hLj k|f0fL xf] . dflg;n] g} jftfj/0fdf ;a}eGbf w]/} x:tIf]k ub{5 .
jftfj/0fsf] ;Gt'ng lauf5{ . jftfj/0fsf] ;Gt'lnt k|of]uaf6 g} ;a}sf] sNof0f x'G5 .
jftfj/0fsf] kl/dfh{g ug{' jf >f]tx? cg'lrt k|of]uaf6 ljleGg ;d:ofx? pTkGg x'g] ub{5 .
dfgjLo lqmofsnfkaf6 k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?sf] b'?kof]u x'g' g} jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf] ?kdf lng
;lsG5 . kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnLsf] hLljt cj:yf / k|fs[lts ljz]iftfx? hf]lvddf kg{' jf
csf]{ zAbdf jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fn] xfjf, kfgL / df6f], ;fy} jg:klt / hLjhGt'nfO{ Iflt
k'¥ofpFg' g} jftfj/0f k|b"if0f xf] .
dflg; jftj/0f k|b"if0fsf] d'Vo sf/s tŒj xf] . xfd|f] b}lgsL clg xfd|f afgL Jojxf/
olta]nf k|s[ltsf] ljgf;sf] sf/0f ag]sf] 5 . lbg k|ltlbg a9\b} u/]sf] jg ljgf;, a9\bf]
zx/Ls/0f clg hg;ª\Vof rfksf sf/0f xfdL k|fs[lts ljklt clg jftfj/0fsf] cj:yf
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
82
vNalnPsf] kfp5f}+ . jg hª\un km8fgL ug{', hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ kmfNg', k"/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgx?
rnfpg' cflb ljleGg sf/0fn] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f eO/x]sf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] jg If]q a9]/ $^ k|ltzt gf3]sf] 5 . ;g\ @)@@ df jg tyf jftfj/0f
dGqfnon] k|sfzg u/]sf] tYof+s cg';f/ g]kfnsf] jg If]q )=&% k|ltzt a9]/ $^ k|ltzt
gf3]sf] xf] . h'g ;'vb\ xf] . jftfj/0f ef}lts, /f;folgs / h}ljs, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts
h:tf ljleGg 36sx? ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . oL ;a} tŒj Ps csf{df ;DalGwt 5g\ /
x/]s 7fpFsf] hLjgsf] ljz]iftf / ljsf; :yflkt ub{5g\ . dfgj lqmofsnfkn] jftfj/0fdf
gs/fTds c;/ k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 . h;sf sf/0f x/]s lbg jg:klt / hLjhGt' nf]k x'Fb}5g\,
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fn] jftfj/0fdf k|b"if0fsf] :t/ a9fPsf] 5, hg;ª\Vof a[l4 lg/Gt/ eO/x]sf] 5
/ k|fs[lts ;|f]tx? clgolGqt ?kdf vkt eO/x]sf] 5 o;af6 xfdL xfd|} ljgfz lgDtfO/x]sf
5f}+ .
jftfj/0Lo ;Gt'ngsf] j]jf:tf ub}{ ul/Psf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fn] jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf]
:t/ a9fPsf] 5 . lg/Gt/ ?kdf eO/x]sf] hg;ª\Vof j[l4n] klg jftfj/0f k|b'if0fnfO{
k|f]T;fxg u/]sf] b]lvG5 . pQm hg;ª\Vof j[l4n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tx? clgolGqt ?kdf vkt x'g]
/ jftfj/0Lfo ;Gt'ng lalu|g] ub{5 . ljZjdf eO/x]sf] jftfj/0f k|b"if0f /f]Sgsf nflu xfdLn]
xfd|f] b}lgs Jojxf/df ;'wf/ u/L xfd|f k|fs[lts bf]xg ug]{ lqmofsnfkdf ;Gt'ng ug{ h?/L
5 .
xfdL ha;Dd jftfj/0f eg]sf] k[YjL xf] eGg] a'‰g ;Sb}gf} ta ;Dd xfdLn] xfd|f]
jftfj/0f hf]ufpg ;Sb}gf}+ . x/]s jif{ h'g % tfl/vdf dgfOg] jftfj/0f lbj;sf dgfpg]
ul/G5 . o; lbgdf w]/} 7fpFdf j[If/f]k0f u/]sf] b]Vg kfOG5 . t/ tL /f]lkPsf la?jfsf]
plrt ;+/If0f u/]sf] eg] kfOFb}g . b]vfpgsf nflu dfq ul/Psf o:tf sfo{s|dn] jftfj/0fsf]
plrt ;+/If0f x'g ;Sb}g . xfdLn] xfd|f] v}/xgL gu/kflnsfnfO{ jftfj/0fsf] k|b"if0f x'gaf6
/f]Sg' kb{5 . oxfFsf] ;'Gb/ k|s[ltnfO{ lau|g lbg'x'Gg . jghª\un, vf]nf, rf}t/Lx?sf] ;+/If0f
ug'{kb{5 . Knfli6hGo emf]nfsf] k|of]u gug{], k'gM k|of]u ug{ ldNg] emf]nf k|of]udf Nofpg'k5{ .
efOalxgL xf] Û xfdLn] r}t j}zfvlt/ jgdf htftt} cfuf] nufpg] u/]sf] b]v]sf 5f}F .
gofF 3fF; knfpg] axfgfdf v/af/L tyf jgx?df cfuf] nufPsf] kfOG5 . of] cToGt} unt
s'/f xf] . o;af6 jgnfO{ g} cfˆgf] 3/ agfP/ a;]sf s}of}F hLjhGt'sf] a]xfn x'g k'Ub5 .
Psk6s ;f]Rg';\ t, xfd|f] 3/df s;}n] cfuf] nufOlbof] eg] xfd|f] s] xfnt x'G5 < To;}n]
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 83
xfdLn] hLjhGt'sf] af;:yn jgdf cfuf] nufpg' x'Fb}g . oL hLjhGt'n] klg xfd|f] jftfj/0f
;Gt'ng /fVg w]/} d2t k'¥ofPsf x'G5g\ . jftfj/0f glauf/]/ klg ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] s'/f
s;}n] la;{g' x'Fb}g .
jftfj/0f k|b"if0f sf/0fx¿ M
• hyfefjL pTvgg\, cJojl:yt cf}Bf]lus ljsf; ug{',
• j}1flgs s[lif k|0ffnL canDa gug{',
• hyfefjL kmf]xf]/ ug{', Knfli6shGo kmf]xf]/sf] Joj:yfkg gug{',
• k'/fgf ;jf/L ;fwgx?sf] k|of]u ug{',
• hyfefjL cfunfuL, 88]nf] / jg hª\unsf] ljgf; ug{',
• jftfj/0f lzIffsf] sdL tyf hgr]tgfdf sdL x'g',
dflysf s'/fx?nfO{ a]jf:tf u/]df xfd|f] v}/xgLsf hgtfn] ljleGg jftfj/0fLo
k|b"if0fsf c;/x? v]Kg afWo x'g]5f}F . xfdLn] dfq geP/ xfd|f] l5d]sL kflnsfn] klg
jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf c;/x? v]Kg afWo x'g]5g\ .
jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf c;/x¿ M
• 5fnf, cfFvf / Zjf;k|Zjf; ;DaGwL /f]ux? b]vf kg{',
• df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm 36\g', kfl/l:ylts k4ltdf c;/ kg{',
• dflg;x?nfO{ k|b"if0fhGo ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]u nfUg',
• k|fs[lts ;f}Gbo{df sdL cfpg],
• ue{jtL dlxnfx?df ue{ktg / afnaflnsfx?nfO{ c;/ kg{',
• dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo, pRr /Qmrfk, Åbo /f]u x'g ;Sg],
• hª\unL hLjhGt'n] cfkmgf] cf>o :yn kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sg],
lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f / o;sf c;/af/] k|:6 kfg'{xf];\ .
• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, Knfli6shGo emf]nfsf] k|of]u sd ug{ ljBfnod} l;of], wfuf],
/ sk8fsf] k|of]u u/L emf]nf l;nfpg / b}lgs pkef]usf ;fdfu|L vl/bdf pQm
lsl;dsf emf]nf k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;flxt ug{'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
84
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• lzIfssf] ;xof]udf jftfj/0f k|b"if0f x'gaf6 /f]SgnfO{ s] s] ug'{knf{ sIfdf
5nkmn ug'{xf];\ .
cEof;
!= tnsf jfSox¿ l7s eP l7s / a]l7s eP a]l7s n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ xfd|f] j/k/sf] jftfj/0f ;kmf gx'g' / k|fs[lts cj:yfdf cfpg] gsf/fTds k|efj g}
jftfj/0f k|b"if0f xf] .
-v_ jftfj/0fsf] ;Gt'lnt k|of]uaf6 g} ;j}sf] sNof0f x'G5 .
-u_ dflg; jftj/0f k|b"if0fsf] d'Vo sf/s tŒj xf] .
-3_ jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ngsf] j]jf:tf ub}{ ul/Psf] cf}Bf]lusLs/0fn] jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0fsf]
:t/ a9fPsf] 5 .
-ª_ xfdL ha;Dd jftfj/0f eg]sf] k[YjL xf] eGg] a'‰g ;Sb}gf} ta;Dd xfdLn] xfd|f]
jftfj/0f hf]ufpg ;Sb}gf}+ .
@= tnsf k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ jftfj/0f k|b"if0f ePdf hLjgsf] cl:tŒj s] x'G5 <
-3_ jt{dfg cj:yfdf dfgjLo lqmofsnfkn] jftfj/0fdf s:tf] k|b"if0f ePsf] 5 <
-ª_ jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf sf/0fx? s] s] x'g\ <
-r_ jftfj/0f k|b"if0fsf c;/x?af/] pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 85
xfd|f d"No, dfGotf,
;bfrf/ / of]u
PsfO–!)
• of]u÷Wofg
• :sfp6
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
86
!(
of]u÷Wofg
!= of]uf;g
of]uf;g Ps k|sf/sf] zf/Ll/s Jofofd xf] . o;df z/L/nfO{ noa4 tl/sfn] cufl8,
k5fl8, bflxgf, b]a|] df]8\g' / ;Lwf ug{'k5{ . o;df s]xL lqmof a;]/, s]xL lqmof ;'t]/ / s]xL
lqmof pleP/ ul/G5 . of]uf;g slt k|sf/sf] 5 lglZrt ?kdf eGg ;lsFb}g . ;fdfGo ?kdf
nueu Ps ;o cf7 k|sf/sf of]uf;g ljlwsf] j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 . oLdWo] cfjZostfg'';f/
s'g} klg cf7b]lv !) cf;g ug{'k5{ . oxfF s]xL of]uf;gsf af/] hfgsf/L u/fOG5 M
3f]K6f] k/]/ ug]{ cf;gx?M
xfd|f] ljBfnodf of]uu''? x'g'x'G5 . pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ xKtfdf tLg lbg of]u l;sfpg'x'G5 .
pxfFsf] gfd ob' ;'j]bL xf] . pxfFn] xfdLnfO{ of]udfq xf]Og, g}lts lzIff / cg'zf;gsf af/]df
w]/} 1fg lbg'x'G5 . xfdL pxfFk|lt cToGt cfef/L 5f}F . cfhsf] 5}7f}F 306Ldf pxfFn] xfdLnfO{
3f]K6f] k/]/ ug{] ljleGg of]u cf;gx? l;sfpFb} x'g'x'G5 .
u'?n] lxh} xfdLnfO{ of]uf;g ug{sf nflu cf]5\ofpg] lrh Nofpg" eGg'ePsf] lyof] .
xfdL ob' u'?;Fu} ljBfnosf] v'nf rf}/df uof}F . ToxfF xfdLn] of]uf;g ug{ cf/De u¥of}F .
e'hª\uf;g M
of] cf;gdf z/L/sf] cfs[lt km0ff
p7fPsf] e'hª\u cyf{t\ ;k{h:tf] aGg] x'Fbf
o;nfO{ e'hª\uf;g of ;kf{;g klg elgG5 .
e'hª\uf;g ubf{ ;j{k|yd la5\ofOPsf] cf;gdf
3f]K6f] k/]/ ;'Tff}F . o;f] ubf{ b'j} v'§fsf kGhf
Ps cfk;df ldn]sf x'g'k5{ . To;kl5 v'§fsf]
a"9Lcf}FnfnfO{ k5fl8kl§ lvRff}F . b'j} xft
6fpsf]lt/ k;f/f}F . b'j} xTs]nfnfO{ 5ftLsf] 5]pdf Nofcf}F . la:tf/} lgwf/, 3f6L, 5ftL p7fcf}F .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 87
!(
k5fl8kl§ df]8f}F t/ k]6 hldgaf6 5'6\g'x''Fb}g . k"/} z/L/sf] jhg xTs]nfdf /fvf}F . o; l:yltdf
d]?b08sf] cflv/L efudf bafa s]lGb|t x'G5 . aL; ;]s]G8;Dd o; l:yltdf a;f}F . kl5
la:tf/} 6fpsf] tn u/f}F . 5ftL / 6fpsf] hldgdf l6sfcf}F . b}lgs Ps k6sdf cf7÷bzk6s
of] cf;g u/f}F .
of] cf;g d]?b08sf hf]gL{ / cf;kf;sf :gfo'df clws z'4 /ut ldNb5 .
lk7\o'Fsf] xf8df x'g ;Sg] tdfd v/faLx? x6\b} hfG5g\ . k]6sf] g;fx? tGsg] x'Fbf ToxfF zlQm
k|fKt x'G5 . 5ftL / k]6sf /f]u x6\g'sf ;fy} o;sf] ljsf; x'G5 . dlxnfx?sf] uef{zo /
jf]gfzodf /fd|f] k|efj kfb{5 / dfl;s wd{df kL8f x'Fb}g . dfl;s wd{;DaGwL ;d:t ;d:of
x6\b} hfG5g\ . clt >dsf sf/0f nfUg] ysfO sd x'G5 . z/L/df km"lt{ a9fpF5 . skm, lkQ
/f]uLx?sf nflu of] cf;g nfebfoL 5 . of] cf;g ugf{n] xfd|f] x[bo alnof] aGb5 . dw'd]x
/ 5ftL;DaGwL /f]uaf6 d'lQm ldNb5 . o;n] slAhotsf] ;d:ofnfO{ eufpF5 . of] cf;g
ugf{n] d]?b08 nlrnf] aGb5 . ysfOsf sf/0f 9f8 b'v]sf] 5 eg] Ps}kN6 dfq} of] cf;g
ubf{ klg b'MvfO sd x'G5 .
;nef;g M
of] cf;g ubf{ ;j{k|yd k]6 / 5ftLsf]
ann] ;'Tff}F . xTs]nfnfO{ a"9Lcf}Fnfleq
kg]{ u/L d'7\7L kf/f}F . d'7\7LnfO{ lt3|fd'lg
/fVff}F, o;f] ubf{ xftsf] kl5Nnf] efu hldglt/
x'g'kb{5 . :jf;nfO{ leq tfg]/ v'§fnfO{ Ps
km'6;Dd la:tf/} dfly p7fcf}F / s]xL ;do;Dd
of] cj:yfdf /xg lbcf}F . ca kmls{Fbf v'§fnfO{ la:tf/} hldgdf /fVff}F, em6\sf nufP/ gu/f}F .
d'6'sf /f]uLx?n] eg] of] cf;g ug'{x'Fb}g .
of] cf;g ugf{n] xfd|f] k]6 / cfGb|fnfO{ alnof] agfpF5 . o;n] dlxnfsf] d"qfzo Pjd\
kf7]3/sf] ;d:ofaf6 l;lh{t /f]ux?df lgs} kmfObf k'¥ofpF5 . sDd/ b'Vg] ;d:ofdf of] cf;g
clt pko'Qm l;4 ePsf] 5 . o;n] xfd|f] z/L/sf cfGtl/s cª\ux? h:t} M d'6', sn]hf],
kmf]S;f], lduf}{nf, lkQy}nL, cfGb|f cflbnfO{ dfln;sf] sfd ul/lbG5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
88
u= wg'/f;g M
of] cf;gdf ;j{k|yd 3f]K6f] k/]/ ;'tf}F .
3'F8faf6 v'§fnfO{ df]8]/ s's'{Rrf lxksf] l;wf
dfly k'¥ofcf}F . b'j} xftn] v'§fsf] uf]nLufF7f
glhs} ;dftf}F / :jf; leq tfg]/ 3'F8f, 5ftL
Pjd\ 9f8nfO{ qmdzM dfly p7fcf}F . To:t}
kl5Nnf] efu p7fPem}F k]6sf] dflyNnf efux?
5ftL, 3fF6L Pjd\ 6fpsf]nfO{ klg dfly p7fcf}F, o;f] ubf{ k]6afx]s cGo ;a} efu dfly p7]sf]
x'g'kb{5 . ca z/L/sf] cfs[lt wg'ifh:t} x'g hfG5 . of] l:yltdf !) b]]lv #) ;]s]G8;Dd
a;f}F . ca ;f; 5f]8\b} qmdzM klxn]s} l:yltdf kmsf}{F . km]l/ ug{sf nflu Zjf;k|Zjf; ;fdfGo
cj:yfdf cfPsf] x'g'kb{5 . o;/L #–$ k6s u/f}F .
of] cf;gn] d]?b08nfO{ nlrnf] Pjd\ :j:y agfpF5 . xft, sfFw, v'§fsf] xf8sf] b'vfO
tyf 9f8 / k]6 b'Vg] /f]ux?df of] cf;g cToGt nfebfoL x'G5 .
3= do'/f;g M
of] cf;g ubf{ do'/sf] cfs[lth:t} aGg]
x'Fbf o;nfO{ do'/f;g elgPsf] xf] . cf/Dedf
la5\ofOPsf] cf;gdf 3'F8f 6]s]/ a;f}F . cfˆgf]
xftsf cf}Fnfx? v'§flt/ kmsf{P/ xTs]nfn]
6]sf}F . s'lxgf df]8]/ gfO6f]sf] b'O{lt/ g/d efudf
/fVff}F . ca cufl8 em'Sb} b'j} v'§fnfO{ k5fl8
tGsfcf}F . ;f; aflx/ lgsfNb} b'j} uf]8fnfO{ dfly p7fcf}F . 6fpsfsf] efu em'sfcf}F] . o;k|sf/
k"/f z/L/ hldgsf] a/fa/ ;dfgfGt/sf] l:ylt agfcf}F, o;f] ubf{ z/L/sf] ;Dk"0f{ jhg b'O{
xTs]nfdf dfq /xf];\ . hlt ;lsG5 Tolt ;do of] l:yltdf /xf}F . To;kl5 klxn]s} cj:yfdf
kmsf{}F . o;k|sf/ b'O{÷tLgk6s u/f}F .
of] cf;g ugf{n] kfrgtGqsf] cª\udf /Qmk|jfx clws x'G5, h;sf sf/0f tL cª\ux?
alnof / lqmofzLn aGb5g\ . of] cf;g ubf{ k]6sf] leqL efudf bafa k5{, h;sf sf/0f
k]6sf] zlQmdf j[l4 x'G5 . 5ftLsf] b'a{ntf / ef]s gnfUg] tyf chL0f{kg -ckr_ x6fpg of]
cf;g clt g} pkof]uL x'G5 .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 89
@= Wofg
of] Ps k|sf/sf] dfgl;s lqmof
xf] . o;df efj u/]/, dGq hk jf Psfu|tfsf]
zlQmaf6 dgnfO{ ljrf/ z"Go ul/G5 . lqmofaf6
;'? eP/ clqmofsf] l:ylt;Ddsf] ofqfsf]
gfd xf] Wofg . ;fdfGo?kdf k|To]s dfgjsf]
dgdf @$ 3G6fdf ^) xhf/ ljrf/ cfpF5 .
o;df clwstd ljrf/ gsf/fTds x'G5 . h;n] ubf{ dfgl;s c;Gt'ng, /f]u–Joflw, lg/fzf,
tgfj, c;Gt'li6sf] l:ylt l;h{gf x'G5 . Wofg ugf{n] dgdf ;sf/fTds ljrf/sf] k|efj x'G5 .
o; sf/0f cfTdljZjf;, w}o{, cfgGb tyf ;demdf j[l4 x'G5 . h'g c1fgtfsf] sf/0fn] xfd|f]
;DaGwdf snx eO/xG5 jf b}lgs hLjgdf b'Mvsf] ;fdgf ug{ kl//xG5 . of] ;a} ;d:ofaf6
d'lQmsf nflu Wofg ug{ cfjZos 5 .
Wofgsf] dfWodaf6 xfdL dgdf ljleGg sNof0fsf/L cj:yfx?sf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5f}+ .
h:t}M
→ tgfjaf6 d'lQm / ysfgaf6 /fxt
→ Psfu| x'g;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; / a]r}gLdf sdL
→ lrQ zflGt, lg/Gt/sf] lrGtfx?af6 d'lQm
→ cfkm" / cfˆgf] hLjg tyf c?sf] af/]df /fd|f] ;'ema'em
→ k|]d / s?0ff h:tf ;sf/fTds dgf]efjdf j[l4
lzIf0f ;'emfj M lzIf0f ;'emfj M
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ 3f]K6f] k/]/ ug]{ of]uf;gx?sf] lrq jf lel8of] k|bz{g ug'{xf];\ / o;sf
kmfObfx?af/] JofVof ul/lbg'xf];\ .
• ljBfyL{x?nfO{ cfˆgf] 3/df b}lgs ?kdf lgoldt of]ufEof; ug{ k|]l/t ug{'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
90
lj|mofsnfk Mlj|mofsnfk M
• tkfO{Fn] klg sIffdf e'hª\uf;g, ;nef;g, wg'/f;g / do'/f;g u/]/ b]vfpg'xf];\ .
• tkfO{Fn] cfkm"n] l;s]sf of]uf;gx? cfˆgf ;fyLx?nfO{ klg l;sfpg'xf]; .
!= l7s eP l7s, a]l7s eP ;RofP/ n]Vg'xf];\ M
-s_ e'hª\uf;g ubf{ ;k{h:tf] x'G5 .
-v_ d'6'sf /f]uLx?n] ;nef;g ug'{k5{ .
-u_ wg'/f;g ugf{n] lk;fa lg:sg] ;d:of a9fpF5 .
-3_ do'/sf] cfs[lt aGg] x'gfn] do'/f;g elgPsf] xf] .
-ª_ wg'/f;g ubf{ xfd|f] z/L/sf] cfsf/ 8'ª\ufh:tf] x'G5 .
6]Sbf z/L/sf] l:ylt s:tf] x'G5 <
-ª_ wg'/f;gsf kmfObfx? n]Vg'xf];\ .
-r_ do'/f;g ubf{ x'g] nfex? s]s] x'g\ < ;"rL agfpg'xf];\ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{ M
• tkfO{sf] ljBfnosf] glhs /x]sf] :jf:Yo s]Gb| k|d'vnfO{ e]6L gu/leq af/Daf/
;+s|d0fsf] ?kdf b]vfkg]{ /f]ux?sf] af/] hfgsf/L lng'xf];\ / ltgaf6 aRg] pkfo
;lxt Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
• cfˆgf] ufpF7fpFdf v]lng] :yfgLo v]nsf] dxŒj / ;+/If0fsf pkfo ;d]6L
sf7df08f}df /x]sf] ;fyLnfO{ Pp6f lr¶L tof/ ug'{xf];\ .
cEof;
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 91
@)
:sfp6
:sfp6 kl/ro
;]jf, ljgd|tf, cf1fsfl/tf, Pstf / ljZj;lgotfnfO{
af]s]/ JolQm, ;dfh / /fi6« x'Fb} cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfo;Dd k'Ug]
Ifdtf /fVg] JolQm g} xf] :sfp6 . xl/of] ;6{ / xl/of] ;f/L jf
k|ms nufPsf o'jf tyf aflnsf :sfp6 / v/fgL /ªsf] ;6{
/ k]G6 nufPsf afns tyf o'jf :sfp6nfO{ xfdLn] ljleGg
;fdflhs sfddf lg/Gt/ nflu/x]sf] kfpg] ;d"x g} xf] g]kfn
:sfp6 . Pp6} klx/gdf ;lhP/ Pstfd"ns ?kdf /fi6«df cfOk/]sf ljleGg ljkb\sf] ;fdgf
ug{;Dd g]kfn :sfp6 tTk/ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
Pp6} klx/gdf ;lhP/ Pstfd"ns ?kdf /fi6«df cfOk/]sf ljleGg ljkb\sf] ;fdgf
ug{;Dd g]kfn :sfp6 tTk/ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 .
ljZjdf :sfpl6ª lzIff
;g\ !()& df n8{ a]8]g kfj]nn] @) hgf o'jf :sfp6nfO{ ;fydf lnP/ ;'? u/]sf]
of] o'jf z}lIfs cleofg cfh ljZjsf @!^ /fi6«df km}ln;s]sf] 5 . o; cleofgdf ljZjsf
#! ldlnog a9L ;lqmo ;b:o /x]sf 5g\ . ;g\ !($) df n8{ j]8]g kfj]nn] cfˆgf] d[To'
cufl8 cfˆgf cg'ofoLx?nfO{ ;w}+ of] egfOnfO{ ofb ug{ eg]sf lyP Try and leave
This World a little better then you found it, cfh klg ljZjsf ;Dk"0f{ :sfp6sf
ultljlwx? oxL egfOsf jl/kl/ s]lG›t eP/ ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
lj=;+=@))( ;fndf g]kfn :sfp6sf] :yfkgf eP klg o;n] ljZj :sfp6sf] ljlwjt
k"0f{ ;b:otf eg] lj;+ @)@^ ;fndf dfq k|fKt u/]sf] xf] .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
92
g]kfndf :sfpl6ª lzIffsf] ;'?jft / ljsf;
g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] cfudg nuQ} lj=;+ @))( ;fn c;f/ % ut] /fhf lqe'jg
jL/ljqmd zfxb]jn] g]kfn :sfp6sf] ljlwjt ?kdf pb\3f6g u/]sf x'g\ . lj=;+=@))( ;fndf
g]kfn :sfp6sf] :yfkgf eP klg o;n] ljZj :sfp6sf] ljlwjt k"0f{ ;b:otf eg] lj;+ @)@^
;fndf dfq k|fKt u/]sf] xf] . lj;+ @)#@ ;fndf g]kfn :sfp6n] o'jf sfo{qmd gLlt to
uof]{ / pQm gLlts} dfWodaf6 :sfpl6ª ultljlwnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] kfOG5 . pQm gLltdf
^ jif{b]lv @% jif{;Ddsf o'jfnfO{ :sfpl6ª lzIffsf ljleGg txdf juL{s/0f u/]/ :sfpl6ª
ultljlwdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf afnaflnsf tyf o'jf ju{nfO{ ljZj :sfp6sf] l;4fGt / dfGotf cg'?ksf]
cleofgdf ;xefuL u/fO{ ltgLx?sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / af}l4s ljsf; u/L ltgLx?nfO{
cg'zfl;t :jfanDaL / rl/qjfg\ agfO ;]jf efjgfsf] clej[l4 ub}{ b]z ljsf; sfo{df
;xefuL u/fpg g]kfn :sfp6nfO{ a9L ;Ifd / ;+ul7t agfpg] p2]Zon] g]kfn :sfp6 P]g
@)%) sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf] 5 .
g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6LM dfgjtf, ;]jf / ;xsfo{sf] k|tLs
g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L -Nepal Red
Cross Society – NRCS_ g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf
7"nf] dfgjLo ;+:yf xf], ljZj /]8qm; cleofgdf
;xefuL x'g] p2]Zosf ;fy, ljZjdf /]8qm;sf]
:yfkgf ePsf] emG8} !)) jif{ k5L g]kfndf g]kfn
/]8qm; ;f];fO6L lj=;=@)@) ef› !( ut] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . tTsfnLg :jf:Yo dGqL
8f=gfu]Zjf]/k|;fb l;+xsf] cWoIftfdf tby{ ;ldltn] g]kfndf /]8qm;sf] :yfkgf u/]sf] lyof] .
dfgj ;]jf, /fxt tyf ljkb\ Joj:yfkg, :jf:Yo ;]jf, /Qmbfg k|j4{g, tyf ;fdflhs ;xof]
udf dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
• :yfkgf / p2]Zo
• kLl8tnfO{ ;xfotf k|bfg ug{',
• ljkb\ Joj:yfkgdf cu|;/ /xg',
• :jf:Yo tyf :jR5tf k|j4{g ug{',
• ;d'bfodf dfgjtf, lgikIftf, t6:ytf, :jtGqtf, ;]jf efjgf, P]Soa4tf / ;fj{ef}
ldstfsf] efjgf km}nfpg' .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff & 93
k|d'v sfo{If]qx¿
!= ljkb\ Joj:yfkgM
e"sDk, af9L, klx/f], cfunfuL h:tf k|fs[lts ljkßf g]kfn /]8qm;n] Tjl/t /fxt
ljt/0f, p4f/ / k'gM:yfkgf sfo{ u5{ .
@= :jf:Yo ;]jfM
:jf:Yo lzIff, :jR5tf cleofg, vf]k sfo{qmd, dft[ tyf lzz' :jf:Yo ;]jf / k|hgg
:jf:Yodf /]8qm;n] pNn]vgLo of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 .
#= /Qmbfg ;]jfM
g]kfn /]8qm; b]zel/sf k|d'v /Qm ;~rf/ s]G›x¿ ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . x/]s jif{
xhf/f}+ dflg;sf] hLjg arfpg o;n] dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] 5 .
$= :jo+;]js ;~hfnM
b]ze/ nfvf}+ :jo+;]jsx¿ /]8qm;;Fu cfa4 5g\, h;n] cfkTsfnLg ;]jfb]lv lnP/
bL3{sfnLg ;fdflhs ;]jf;Ddsf] sfo{ u5{g\ .
%= o'jf;DaGwL sfo{qmdM
ljBfno, SofDk; / :yfgLo txx¿df /]8qm;n] /]8qm; o'jf ;~hfn lj:tf/ u/L ;fdflhs
pQ/bfloTj, g]t[Tj ljsf;, tyf ;r]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ sfo{qmd ;+rfng ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
lzIfs ;'emfj M lzIfs ;'emfj M
• cfb/0fLo lzIfs, ljBfnodf :sfp6 6«'k u7g ePsf] eP ;DalGwt lzIfs
dfkm{t :sfp6sf ;DaGwdf cfjZos sIff lngsf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;lsG5 .
u7g gePdf l5d]sL ljBfnosf] ;xof]u lng ;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfklj|mofsnfk
• :sfp6sf sfd / dxŒjsf af/]df cfˆgf] ljBfno jf :sfp6÷h'lgo/ /]8qm; ;s{n
u7g ePsf] s'g} ljBfnosf lzIfs;Fu ;f]wL sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\ .
xfdL / xfd|f] v}/xgL sIff &
94
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ M
-s_ :sfp6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ljZjdf :sfp6 lzIffsf] ;'?jft s;/L eof] <
-u_ g]kfndf :sfp6sf] ;'?jft s;/L eof] <
-3_ g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6Lsf k|d'v sfo{If]qx? s]–s] x'g\ <
@= vfnL 7fpF eg{'xf];\ M
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